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a) ii
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZAQOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
1902, vol. I.
(JANUARY—APRIL.)
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, ANI) SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE. LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO,, PATERNOSTER ROW.
Los!
OF THE
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1902. COUNCIL.
(Elected April 29th, 1902.)
His Grace Tue Duke or Beprorp, K.G., President.
Grorce A. Bouencer, Ksq., | E.R.S. | Tot Earn or CrAwrorD, K.T., ERS: Wiuiiam BH. pe Winton, Esq. Hersert Druce, Esq., F.LS. CuarLtes DrumMonpD, Hsq., Treasurer. Sir Josepu Favrer, Br., F.R.S., | Vice-President. | Dr. Cuartes H. Garry, LL.D. | Dr. Atpert GountHeER, F.R.S., | Vice-President. | Carr. THE Marquis or HAmIL- | ron, M.P. | Pror. Grorce B. Howes, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President
Lr.-Cou. L. HowArp Irpy. Sir Harry Jounston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.
| Sir Huer Low, G.C.M.G. | P. Cuatwers MircHey, Esq.,
M.A., D.Sc.
| EK. Lorr Puriuips, Esa. | HowarpSaunpers, Hsq., F.L.S.,
Vice-President.
| Puitie Lutury Sciater, Esq.,
M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Secretary. Dr. Davin Suarp, F.R.S. OLDFIELD THomas, Esq., F.R.S. Dr. Henry Woopwarp, LL.D.,
E.R.S., Vice-President.
PRINCIPAL OFFICERS.
P. L. Scuater, Esq., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Secretary. Frank EK. Bepparp, HEsq., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary
and Prosector.
Mr. CLARENCE BartLert, Superintendent of the Gardens. Mr. Arruur Tuomson, Head-Keeper and Assistant Super-
intendent.
Me. F. H. Wateruovuse, Librarian.
Mr. Joun Barrow, Accountant.
Mr. W. H. Coun, Chief Clerk.
Mr. Grorce ArtHuR Dousuepay, Clerk of Publications.
LIST OF CONTENTS.
January 14, 1902.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menasertoum, December WOU - et ansesosn) sscsseenes conc sence
Dr. A. 8S. Woodward, F.R.S. Exhibition of a molar tooth of aeHossil Elorse Ooi ord tune ste eects. <s sas sane sensat device
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skin and skull of a Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus sylvicultrix) from N.K. Rhodesia............
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.8. Exhibition of the skin of a Mountain Hare (Lepus variabilis) which had been stated to belong to a Hare-Rabbit hybrid..................
1, On Variation in the Number and Arrangement of the Male Genital Apertures in the Norway Lobster (Wephrops norvegicus). By F. H. A. Marsuaut, B.A.,, Christisi Colleges Camillortd se yo. teres seeds acon ecto te ane jane
2. Onsome remarkable Digestive Adaptations in Diprotodont Marsupials. By Dr. Eivar Lonnsere, C.M.Z.8..........
co
. On the Specimen of the Quagga in the Imperial Museum of Natural History, Vienna. By Lupwie v. Lorenz,
CNET Ser Coie Bo cantnta sige Nea nels eer ee eee tc ere ot at
4. On a further Collection of Mammals made by Mr. Th. H. Lyle in Siam. By J. Lewis Bonuorg, M.A. ............
5. On the Insects of the Order Rhynchota collected by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., in the Uganda Protec- LOLA HEV AN Verda.) LISTANT ns pees ee Meer hita Ase Gat Sars etl +
Page
bo
12
32
38
iv
6. On two Collections of Lepidoptera made by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., in the Uganda Protectorate during the year 1900. By Arruur G. Bururr, Ph.D., F.LS., E.Z.8., &c.; Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Depart- ment, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). (Plate I.) .........
February 4, 1902.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in January 1902 ..............-.0cet ee ee ete
Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the malformed neck-vertebree of a Giraffe that had died in the Society’s Menagerie
CC eC Ce
Mr. E. Degen. Notice of a Memoir on Ecdysis, as Morpho- logical Evidence of the original Tetradactyle Feathering of the Bird’s Fore-limb
1. Notes on the Osteology of the Short-nosed Sperm-W hale. By W. Buaxtanp Benuam, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.8., Pro- fessor of Biology in the University of Otago, New Healamd: \yi(Plates =) *\ ai ener feces eer cer ace cer aa
2. On a Collection of Dragonflies made by Members of the Skeat Expedition in the Malay Peninsula in 1899-1900. By HE. WATpEAW, BA. «(Plates Vir iVale) iaucmaeneece ce
3. List of a small Collection of Orthopterous Insects formed by Sir Harry Johnston in British Hast Africa and Uganda in 1899 and 1900, with Descriptions of five new Species. By W. F. Kirsy, F.LS., FELS., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington
CC eC eC cc)
February 18, 1902.
Mr. L. W. Byrne, F.Z.8. On the Identity of Lepadogaster sticlopteryx Holt & Byrne with ZL. microcephalus Brook .
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed Hybrid between the Sheep SNL GIS APUG eos. «av. los vais sce eee Oe RCO ERE REE RECEE Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some jaws and teeth of Pliocene Voles (JZimomys, gen. nov.)
Bee mem ee ewer eee ere e er ae reer seserreereseeecereeesesresteone
Mr. Lydekker. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull and two pairs of antlers of an Elk from Siberia
er reecece
Page
44
51
D4
D4
93
102
Vv
1. On Musiela paleaitico from the Upper Miocene of Pikermi and Samos. By C. I. Forsyrm Masor, F.Z.S. (GEIR: WL.) cencinacdisety CoMge eso Rene ee te nann (Um RE
2. On Two new Genera of Rodents from the Highlands of Bolivia. By Otprrenp Tuomas, F.R.S. (Plates VIII. 5 NID) oon tes Ges acu en ny ae DA rl a
3. On some New Mamuals from Northern N yasaland. By Oronmenpy MeOMAG HAE Sil esettasnsc cco ce eeckee scoot ee
4, On some Characters distinguishing the Young of various Species of Polypterus. By G. A. Boutenerr, F.R.S. Gla GesWe Nir ss ARAMA cis Nene tec rain saute cael. See suas
5. Description of a New Snake of the Genus Psammophis, from Cape Colony. By G. A. Boutencrr, F.R.S. CEE PemNCDIN Mana E EE ivi ea em Aa de A, CONES Rtg
6. Observations upon the Carpal Vibrissee in Mammals. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Erosector, ofgtie Soctetyy yaaa toc). Suite mores eh ice tide Macaeanes
March 4, 1902.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in February 1902. (Plate XIII.) ............
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a series of photographsiof Prjevalsky’s Elorsel.. fic.......-dece.seeetee
Mx. E. N. Buxton, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a series of photo- graphic slides illustrative of Bird- and Animal-life on THlaN@ ys ANY Tan aS) IN FLL oP et Ba a A EOD
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S. Notice of a Memoir on the Amblypodian Group of the Butterflies of the Family SORTS OUGKOZ Tor HSPIAR NR nr Gera AND rer Neate ae iy ie
1. On the Origin of Pearls. By H. Lyster Jameson, M.A., Bn 7 (Plates XUV =e Vil) icceaaiereaeers es fo. co... s:
2. List of the Parrots represented in the Society’s Collection in January 1902, with Remarks on some of the Rarer Species. By P. L. Sctarer, D.Sc., F.R.S., Secretary to chiey Socienya. (laces) Nav iAlNN i PXSU eee senate acca
3. Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family Halticide from South and Central America. By Marin JACOB MOSS) Wl CRIES Re, DOC) es Sodas Geniieataremaue ion ade
Page
137
138
138
138
140
166
Ll
vi
March 18, 1902. Page
Mr, Arthur Thomson. Report on the Insect-house for 1901. 204
Mr. R. E. Holding. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some malformed Horns and Antlers ..................02ss0seenees 205
Lt.-Col. J. M. Fawcett. Notice of a Memoir on the Trans- formations of some South-African Lepidoptera............ 205
1. The Evolution of Horns and Antlers. By Hans Gapow, WN, IElnD ie IRR Aisi annosodsoscensoccec Gy ae aloha 206
2. On a new Stridulating-Organ in a Scorpion, By R. I. TR{OCLOGI 1D Adspadonuanbedanencnicacsmocabooconagconare couecoocoouD 222
iso)
. On the Organ of Jacobson in the Elephant-Shrew (Jaero- scelides proboscideus). By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc. (Rib Kae) 0-015) maa nt ooadpoobunenomubooobadbesosanobauianedonsueodacess 224.
4, On some Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Cocos Keeling Atoll, collected by Dr. C. W. Andrews, 1898. By FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., F.R.MLS..........00.0ceeeeees 228
5, Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Congo.—I. On some new Fishes from the French Congo. By G. A. BovuLencer, F.R.S. (Plates XXII.-XXIYV.) ............ 234
April 15, 1902.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in March 1902. (Plate XXYV.) .............5 237
Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Starfish with injured limbs which had undergone VOPALY acc siecewalciajre oae'c aise’ wis aig s Au-otaeenle em talals entatiorcle te erste erase 238
Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some remains of a pigmy Hippopotamus from GY OTUIS Are ven ns enaialesctecce alae olleiore sole quia pamela tecnico rece eaenerr 238
1. On the Windpipe and the Heart of the Condor. By Frank E. Beppaxp, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Prosectororthe Socieby ..., seer eee eee eres 239
2. On the Spiders of the Genus Latrodectus Walckenaer. By Freperick PickARD CamBRIDGE, F.Z.S8. (Plates DENG Nag GALL) | Son agn aR er nam indoors soos anndbocunens neon soos 247
vil Page 3. Notes on the Painted Snipe (Rostratula capensis) and Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus). By Frank Finny, B.A., F.Z.8., Deputy-Superintendent of ‘the Indian Museum, Calcutta. ..5..5...5.00bes.2ccsecesense 261
4, Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Congo.—II. On a Collection of Fishes from the Lindi River. By G. A.
Bovunencer, F.R.S. (Plates XX VITI.-XXX.) ......... 265 5. Field-Notes upon some of the larger Mammals of Patagonia,
made between September 1900 and June 1901. By
ERE SIGE NE RICE ARID He Zin sc cnniecca ae ticteaias «cama ie ecauese ce 272,
(op)
. Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.— Part V. Yaleoni- Jormes. By W. P. Pycrarr, F.Z.S., A.L.S. (Plates PRO NONG IF NO NENSITET (Yi Pe Bi dact ean Meulsminisniaatas ie sletdelericlln aaa 277
AE AY Bek Ti (Ai inal Sih
OF THE
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Brepparp, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Prosector to the Society.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the malformed neck- vertebre of a Giraffe that had died in the Society’s IVC MAG OTC awl gsr (elon eran = qaemseitas a niga wh aoa iva pe sMiayiny, at
Observations upon the Carpal Vibrissee in Mammals ...
On the Windpipe and the Heart of the Condor .........
Bett, Professor F, Jerrrey, M.A., F.Z.8.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Starfish with injured limbs which had undergone repair ...............066
Benuam, W. Buaxiann, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago, New Zealand.
Notes on the Osteology of the Short-nosed Sperm- Wihallets se (Blates Bl TV: ew was uud a staisns sis cenes sme sl
Page
238
a4
Beruvune-Baxer, G. T., F.Z.8.
Notice of a Memoir on the Amblypodian Group of the Butterflies of the Family Lycenida
Bee eet ore eee e reese nereoesene
Bonnots, J. Lewis, M.A., F.Z.S.
On a further Collection of Mammals made by Mr. Th. H. Lyle in Siam
foe eee eee eee oes ec reeses so soseeeeeesessteesneenseaese
BouLEeNcerR, GEorcE AtpBert, F.R.S., F.Z.8S.
On some Characters distinguishing the Young of various Species of Polypterus. (Plates X. & XI.) ...............40
Description of a New Snake of the Genus Psanmophis, EromiCape Colony (Plate SXells\ renee. case heen eee neee eee
Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Congo.-—I. On some new Fishes from the French Congo. (Plates XXIT.-XXIYV.)
Pee meee ere reeseeenesrersceeoeseereesereessseseresen
Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Congo.—II. On a Collection of Fishes from the Lindi River. (Plates XXVITI.-XXX.)
Peewee e erase rete sete r essere sesesesseesesesessesee
Broom, R., M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.S., Pearstown, 8. Africa.
On the Organ of Jacobson in the Elephant-Shrew (Macroscelides proboscideus). (Plate XX1.)
wee sere se eeeeee
Buruer, ArtHur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8.
On two Collections of Lepidoptera made by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., in the Uganda Protectorate during Wave een ISTO (MEd n We RIES Pema deeosoconocc:obsnobococosesanonnance
Buxton, Epwarp Norts, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a series of photographic slides illus- trative of Bird- and Animal-Life on the White Nile ......
138
38
234
265
224
44
Xl
Page Byrneg, L. W., F.Z.8. On the Identity of Lepadogaster stictopteryx Holt & Byrne with Z. microcephalus Brook .............cccsceeeeeenes 102 CAMBRIDGE, FREDERICK PICKARD, F.Z.S. On the Spiders of the Genus Latrodectus Walckenaer. (GBllates RONG TE EXENG VAT nicer solhnu ai savers iceuagndes yee 247
CHAPMAN, FrepDERIcK, A.L.S., F.R.M.S.
On some Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Cocos Keeling Atoll, collected by Dr. C. W. Andrews, 1898 ... 228
DecEN, Epwarpb, F.Z.S8.
Notice of a Memoir on Eedysis, as Morphological Evi- dence of the original Tetradactyle Feathering of the TESHEG HS) LNGIRS hie Chae rM eaten Who C Me mR eR en mmr Nate Cima METAS hE ar 54.
Distant, W. L., F.E.S.
On the Insects of the Order Rhynchota collected by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B.,in the Uganda Protectorate. 41
Fawcert, Lt.-Col. J. M., 5th Lancers.
Notice of a Memoir on the Transformations of some Sout Acme came pid OMLCLAN I «cais ass caes ar iate cca seas siecle 205
Finn, Fran, B.A., Deputy-Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Notes on the Painted Snipe (Lostratula capensis) and Pheasant-tailed Jagana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) ...... 261
GaAbow, Hans, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8. The Evolution of Horns and Antlers .................. an POG
Houpine, R. E.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some malformed loves: yet! Je Wai) Kerk Ragangneas anc nd ane mano acboddueessicobaconcce ts 205
Xli Jacosy, Martin, F.E.S.
Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family Halticide from South and Central America. (Plate XX.)
Jameson, H. Lysrur, M.A., Ph.D., Municipal Technical College, Derby.
On the Origin of Pearls. (Plates XIV.-XVIL.) ......
Kirsy, W. F., ¥.LS., F.E.S., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington.
List of a small Collection of Orthopterous Insects formed by Sir Harry Johnston in British Kast Africa and Uganda in 1899 and 1900, with Descriptions of five MLO WIS PCCLOS ai sciciciematicielvinsericionusmian abe tem actee alee aceeee nee Reet
Larpiaw, F. F., B.A., Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator at Owens College, Manchester.
On a Collection of Dragonflies made by Members of the Skeat Expedition in the Malay Peninsula in 1899-1900. (lattes AV ids Vals) vie ie ode ode AUS nine dentaeraciome tenes
Lonnpere, Dr. Ernar, C.M.Z.S8., of the University, Upsala.
On some remarkable Digestive Adaptations in Dipro- _
focomt: Miarsipials’ isc cclois ewes ae incre we wae en a tlcle aa laa Ree nteee
Lorenz, Lupwic von, C.M.Z.8., Imperial Museum of Natural History, Vienna.
On the Specimen of the Quagga in the Imperial Museum of Natural History, Vienna ‘a: J2.esteeesseescaeer seen en ecees
LypEekkeEr, R., B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull and two pairs Otantlers of an (Blk trom: Silberiasse-cceeeespeeeaeeeee eee
Page
171
140
93
(Su) bo
xiii Masor, Dr. C. J. Forsytu, F.Z.8.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some jaws and teeth of Pliocene Voles (MWimomys, gen, NOV.) ............cceeeeee
On Mustela paleattica from the Upper Miocene of Pikermuand samosy “(Plate VIE isis sdecdsess aces tes ges
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some remains of a igmy Hippopotamus from Cyprus ..................ieecees [OUST ASS OTD:
MarsHat., F. H. A., B.A., Christ’s College, Cambridge.
On Variation in the Number and Arrangement of the Male Genital Apertures in the Norway Lobster (Wephrops
MORVEGUCUS sean essed PIERS Oe ee hd a se Ata ah es ae oa en
Pocock, R. I., F.Z.8.
On a new Stridulating-Organ in a Scorpion ............
PricHarD, Heskety, F.Z.S.
Field-Notes upon some of the larger Mammals of Pata- gonia, made between September 1900 and June 1901
Pycrart, W. P., F.Z.S., A.LS.
Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part V. Falconiformes. (Plates XXXI.-XXXITIL) ...............
Scuater, Puiu Lurury, M.A., D.Sc. Ph.D., F.RBS., Secretary to the Society.
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in ecommerce OOM oe assoc cyan ab er en a eta ae yer ene
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in January 1902
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in February 1902. (Plate XIII.) List of the Parrots represented in the Society's Col- lection in January 1902, with Remarks on some of the Rarer Species. (Plates XVIII. & XIX.)
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in March 1902, (Plate XXV.)
Pam e em eer eee reese see eeneseeeesssesssrsereeserssverece
CR Oe Oe i
Cee meres eee sree reer eersereessone
109
238
bo
277
xiv TEGETMEIER, W. B., F.Z.S. Exhibition of the skin of a Mountain Hare (Lepus variabilis) which had been stated to belong to a Hare- Vez) eV Hal 0716) GIN t Nata amir Sry SRA SOR Ree RANE NPRPER AAD SAE cU.5 S00
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed Hybrid between the Sheep and the Pig .....................
Exhibition of a series of photographs of Prjevalsky’s
fs (OT EST Stee RAI Near ney aA AE Me gs BSR Gs Tal aoe ORNS 8
THomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skin and skull of a Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus sylvicultria) from DINAH) EVN OG CSTE: 3. cso t okt" catsieietc os arelct oto erelaes cane aeRO On Two new Genera of Rodents from the Highlands Of Bolivia: (Plates ev aiMlindslXe) |e eeeperas see ee ere ae eee r
On some New Mammals from Northern Nyasaland
Tuomson, ArtHuR, Assistant-Superintendent and Head- Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie.
Report on the Insect-house for 1901 ..................005
Woopwarpb, ArtHur Smuiru, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.8. Exhibition of a molar tooth of a Fossil Horse, Ono-
LOU UE ss doo hea oui SRO oad ohne qe Pve cian eee an en
Page
204
LIST OF PLATES.
1902.—Vot. I.
Plate lepeWepidopterayirnommUeand ay syria alesse soleil: UTE) IUDL, | Osweallnegy Gi Cage -ocoadadcnagbooonpsnascsecne IV. oe Dragonflies from the Malay Peninsula............ VII. Skulls and Teeth of Mustela paleattica .......... VIII. Neoctodon simonst
oe eee woe eee eae re toes eee eee ae e
IX. 1,2,3,44,& 6a. Andinomys edav, adult; 46& 66. Young of do.; 5a& 7a. Chinchillula sahame, adult; 56 & 76. Young of do. ; 8-12. Neoctodon
SEPOUIST AAU bina apt costtet arel Mevor aie sinetaesens soci) oie X. 1,2. Polypterus lapradi. 3. P. weeksti ........ XI. 1. Polypterus congicus. 2. P.endlichert. 3. P. ve!
GARE, 8s IR OTOES oop op oo05 HOOF oe Bl p55 20
SOUS JASONS UBGTURUD ob ocadinnos cocoon adcusooe
OUD, LIS FAI 5 Shoo ocnooo dec duo agecsu ou mano:
XIV.
ai Jameson on the Origin of Pearls ........2.....4. XVII.
SNAUOL, DORIGCHIS CRCRUGRTOGHON, 6p Boaseccobooosouuoueoo
SKIEXG © Plat Cen cus) MUASTENSTANUS) oh Vance 1. oon ns «os
OSG INGGT STSGIOS Cl LEIGH ooocngeonoanseoongudone XXI. Jacobson’s Organ in Maceroscelides
CC et
XXII. 1. <Adlabenchelys longicauda, 2. Clariallabes melas. . ONT Graben lelculeie a ie perth donde ci eiecis cc sieeve OMY, CRLOAROTS CITED, os 00 aceobgnboonoe EDD OUUODD
XXV. Cercopithecus otoleucus ..cc..cev veers see tnenes
oe Spiders of the Genus Latrodectus....,...+.05++..
Page
Xv1
Plate Page XXVIII. 1, 2. Micralestes stormst. 3. Phractura lindica ..) XXIX. 1. Auchenoglanis punctatus. 2. Auchenoglanis a GUGPs Sin, BUDO GITES OREOES ao nbe bese scouocce > 265 XXX. 1. Pseudoplesiops squamiceps. 2. Tilapia storms. | Bibs d RUSICHTI PR CHUA We 5 ogo pace isa ao4 oo J XXXII. XXXII.> Osteology of the Fulconiformes ....... 0.00000 cee 277
XXXII.
LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES.
1902.—Vot. I.
Page 1. Genital apertures of Nephrops norvegicus ...... iyo Hai ON 4 2. Genital apertures of Nephrops norvegicus ....0.eeseeve creas 4 3. Diagram illustrating variation in genital apertures in Nephrops MOTVEGECUS oo. ecenenseseeres Nickens a hserarcvare specone everate 4, Ceecum of Trichosurus velpecula oo... cv ve cece eee ee een nees 16 5. Ceecum of Pseudochirus ccetdentalis .......ss sees Pores tes) 6. Ceecum of Peéawrus breviceps 1... .c cere cne cere ene ee snes 24 7. The Quagga of the Vienna Museum .............s-+05- Sieve oe 8, Odontopus notabilis ...seeeecsv eee ces ees ees cen tin they orc 43 9, Cervical vertebrae of a Giraffe ...... ERIS OSE Silage Car euctcar' 53 10. Third femur of Tetrathemis hyalinia ....... Sees, ep aaah e aes a 11. Second femur of Zygonidia malayand ......ve1005. Sienciene ieee 74 12. Third leg of Onychothemis testacea ...... IWndine dt > uo OE On 76 13. Teeth and jaws of Tertiary Voles ....,..-0+.sseeeeeeeeeee 108 14, Teeth of Tertiary Voles, enlarged ..... 2.0. eee e eee eee eee 105 15. Teeth of Voles from Forest Bed and Norwich Crag ........ 106 16. Skull and antlers, with the upper cheek-dentition, of Siberian IDS A oige Oo cep IEE DUO n seve ttonircusvers ® sor siento 108 17. Left fore foot of Dasypus villosus, ventral surface .......... 128 18. Right fore foot of Petaurus sciwreus, ventral surface ....... . 180 19. Right hind foot of Petawrus sctwreus, lateral surface ...... So ee 20. Left fore foot of Nasua narica, ventral surface .............. 1382 21. Left fore foot of Hyrax, ventral surface .........5- Deretannrae 134 22. A Pearl about to become attached to the Shell ............ 150 93. Cuticle of the Cercarta, in surface VIEW... ww eee ee eee vO DA. Tapes decussatus .viveseecvecereverenes ori icrialescvtete Snot 25. Evolution of Horns and Antlers .............. iqodsor. woaico ses G 26. Stridulating-organ of Parabuthus flavidus ........ Pron OR 223 27. Cytheridets andrewst ....ccc cece cece nner tn ene e enn eees 229 28. Cytherella vesiculosd ....ccr cern eeeree ee ee ce ee ence nennnes 23 29. Lower end of windpipe of male Sarcorhamphus gryphus, front WON. . oesuduoududBahouss oo Gh oogGdodgoodn deco Obcod 240
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1902, Vou. I. b
36. 37.
XV1il
. Lower end of windpipe of male Sarcorhamphus gryphus, back
BVT WW) Ss eure ns favre ciate acre Ge nt tntel he ld er ce
. Heart of Sareorhamphus gryphus opened so as to display the
INtenioMmolthe meh ventriclewe.., ni. ier eee
. Heart of Scythrops nove-hollandie cut open so as to display
interornior melt wentricle sn. nays cet cer eee
. Left lateral aspect of the sternum and havi laneariills of Ser-
pentarius serpentarius, showing the articulation of the furcula withathe caring graenienic cece serene
. Left lateral aspect of the sternum and shoulder-girdle of Aquila
TAPAL wvcceves eoeceteeaee e@oeeeeoevee o ooeeveeoe? ® eee eee @eee
. Dorsal aspect of the sain of Prantagemaes californianus,
showing the Ciconiine character of the pelvic girdle ...... Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of Cathartes aura ........ acne Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of Pandion haliaétus ..........0:
Page 241 244
245
297
299
LIST OF NEW GENERIC TERMS
PROPOSED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME (1902, vot. I).
Page Allabenchelys (Pisc.) ............... 234 Andinomys (Mamm.) ............ 116 Chilochromis (Pise.) ............... 236
Climacobasis (Neuropt.) ......... 85
Page Oryptomima (Lepidopt.) ........- 50 Mimomys (Mamm.) ............++ 102 Nasigona (Coleopt.) ........s0..00. 203 Neoctodon (Mamm.):....,.... vee Le,
a ys / sees
“head
Be AMP EWG) : acai
be ba.
OHI AID, WMA Te) PeLde
wilt LOFT abana Ue Lee
rN : (aleobigss MPR N YO RRR io) ae SAE
Cintue lt) ayposuilt EP ikea. RD SOR eee
egn eeeysaa es oh as Kb "1h lear he nA ; B89 Pune keis aes is (aud ngaveernalnadin’ J BA dee) Dario el 3) canned ces hi degh bi) sido Sy
Li
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1902, Vol. I. (January to April).
January 14, 1902.
Prof,.G. B. Howss, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1901 :—
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1901 were 51 in number. Of these 11 were acquired by presentation and 4 by purchase, 6 were born in the Gardens, and 30 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals,
was 146.
Dr. A. S. Woodward, F.R.S., exhibited a newly-discovered upper molar tooth of a Fossil Horse, Onohippidium, from the cavern near Consuelo, in Last Hope Inlet, Patagonia’. This specimen was fixed in the bone and carried traces of the soft
parts.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.8., exhibited the skin and skull of a female Yellow-backed Duiker (Cephalophus sylwicultrix) which
orale 74 Sp VEO 0s 1 Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1902, Vou. I, No. I. 1
2 MR. F, H, A, MARSHALL ON [Jan. 14,
had been obtained by Mr. B. B. Johnstone (Native Commissioner) in the Awemba district of North-eastern Rhodesia, and had been sent home and presented to the British Museum by Mr. Robert Codrington, Administrator of that country.
This specimen proved a very considerable extension of the range of the species, hitherto known only from West Africa, where it had a wide distribution, from Sierra Leone to Angola. No differences of importance, however, were perceptible between the Rhodesian specimen and examples from West Africa.
Since Mr. Codrington’s specimen had arrived, a frontlet and piece of skin of the same species had also been received from Mr. O. Baragwanath of Bulawayo, and this, it was believed, had been obtained in the same district.
In N.E. Rhodesia this Antelope was said by Mr. B. B. Johnstone (who had obtained the specimen for Mr. Codrington) to be met with in stony localities at fairly high altitudes. It was sup- posed to occur throughout the Luemba Highlands and along the Mohinga Mountains east of Lake Bangweolo, but was not common. Its cry was like that of a Duiker. Its native name was “Chibusimawe ” (=Big Mountain Goat).
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.8., exhibited the skin of an animal which it had been suggested was a hybrid between a Hare and a Rabbit, but which had proved to be merely a Mountain Hare (Lepus variabilis).
Mr. Tegetmeier also exhibited a skull of a Rabbit showing overgrown incisors in both jaws.
The following papers were read :—
1. On Variation in the Number and Arrangement of the Male Genital Apertures in the Norway Lobster
(Nephrops norvegicus). By F. H, A. Marsnatt, B.A., Christ’s College, Cambridge *.
[Received November 21, 1901.] (Text-figures 1-3.)
The total number of specimens of the Norway Lobster examined for the purposes of this investigation was 1123, of which 1080 were males. The latter presented no less than ten different arrangements of the genital apertures, in addition to the normal arrangement of an opening on the basal joint of each of the fifth walking-legs, Before giving the numerical details of the degrees
1 Communicated by W. BarEson, F.Z.S.
1902. | VARIATION IN THE NORWAY LOBSTER. 3
of frequency of these arrangements, it will be convenient te describe each of them separately. They are as follows :—
A. The normal arrangement.
B. The normal apertures and two additional ones at the bases of the fourth legs, making a total of four apertures.
C. The normal apertures and an additional one at the base of the left fourth leg, making a total of three apertures.
D. The normal apertures and an additional one at the base of the right fourth leg, making a total of three apertures.
EK. The normal apertures and four additional ones on the third and fourth legs, making a total of six apertures.
F, The normal apertures and three additional ones on the fourth legs and the left third leg, making a total of five apertures.
G. The normal apertures and three additional ones on the fourth legs and the right third leg, making a total of five apertures.
H. The normal apertures and two additional ones on the left third and left fourth legs, making a total of four apertures.
K. The normal apertures and an additional one on the left third leg (there being a gap in the series), the total number of apertures being three.
L. The normal apertures and two additional ones on the right third and left fourth legs, the total number of apertures being four.
M. The normal apertures and five additional ones on the fourth and third legs and also on the left second leg, the total number of : apertures being seven.
These arrangements may be represented graphically as follows :—
B. =~ Op D. EK. r. lL. r. l. Te d. Tr l. Third legs. . : ° : - Fourth legs. - . ° ° : : - Fifth legs. : ° : ° F G lel, K r l. r l Tes l 7 L ° . Third legs, ° . . . : - Fourth legs. ° ° ° ° - Fifth legs. 2 : ° ° L M. r L. r L. Second legs, ° ° Third legs. . . « Fourth legs. - ° . - Fifth legs. . :
[The letters 7. and /, denote the right and left sides. | he
MR. F. H. A. MARSHALL ON
Text-fig. 1.
[Jan. 14,
Genital apertures of Nephrops norvegicus.
Male of Nephrops norvegicus having abnormal genital apertures on each of the third and fourth walking-legs.
Text-fig. 2.
Genital apertures of Nephrops norvegicus. Male of Nephrops norvegicus having abnormal genital apertures on the right third
and right fourth walking-legs.
In no specimen was either of the normal apertures wanting.
The animals were examined in batches—the first batch, which was much the largest, consisting of the stock of Norway lobsters in the zoological laboratory of the University of Edinburgh, obtained for the use of students during the summer session. The rest were procured at various intervals of time during
the summer and autumn,
are now given :— (1) Females
Pee S eres es eerererscereseesesesessessece
Normal males
Came score eeee reser eeseseeee sesso
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement C
29 thd 9
eee eer ee res eeee
feo eer essere sre
The numerical details of these batches
1902.]
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
VARIATION IN THE NORWAY LOBSTER.
Females ...............
Normal males
Pee eC a eC Ce Cay
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement C
9 ”
Females ............... Normal males.........
weet ee ewe eres
wee e eee e eee s eee
Peewee eee e renee ere cecene
ee ay
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement C
” ”
IBlemailesieern eee sen:
Normal males
Ce ee eee ese eee e eee
Total ...
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement C
Females ...............
Normal males
ecco reese eceeee
cere reer eee cere
eee reece ees oeee
eC ee
wee e eter reer ere e rete sess
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement C
Females ...............
Normal males
wee e creer eee eee e seers eeee
seem terre eee teense ecene
Abnormal males with arrangement B...
Ditto with arrangement D
D 60 3) | 1 67 apt r Voy 69 3 80 5) 3 SGU 2 | ih as 97 4 95 ) 1) Syl aa 5 gig) ae 1 ie 112 1 Ang 8 2) 1 2 | A Dane : 1 re 50 1 29 1 24 ia]
6 MR. F. H. A. MARSHALL ON [Jan. 14,
(ia eubiemm all ostyc on. eter testi BOS UL, Raed Sch 1 iINormealltimailes:. ass savesteae maces sads asset (6) Abnormal males with arrangement B... 4 85 Ditto with arrangement C ............... 5 > 12
“5 * UD) Se osenaee ns eme 3 Total . 86
(8) se Nornaaillenall esteeraeieee se ance c cane 22 Abnormal males with arrangement B... 1 25 Ditto with arrangement C ............... ts &
as 63 LD Pree aen ee 1 Total 25
Adding all these together we arrive at the following result :—
Memeo sale Mod. ated wan. vee hanes a eee 68 Normal sialles art, enen scene aay 878 Abnormal males with arrangement B... 40 ) Ditto with arrangement C ............... 40 |
ri 3 dD See Re Aan 31 |
js 5. A eer orl trcye 2
: ve 1 Flee a ae 3 1000
i GP tapeap a Ve ae
5 *, EL oe ee 1
‘ % LESGRED -nciens a 1
5 i Da PE ee diesnantee if
zs IN Desi. See Loe 3)
Grand Total... 1068
The total number of male Norway lobsters examined being 1000*, the percentage of abnormality occurring among them is shown to be 12:2. The numerical variation in the apertures, but not the variation in their arrangement, I have indicated by a percentage curve (text-fig. 3, p.7). It is of interest to note that the homeeosis occurs with little regard to bilateral symmetry.
The relative scarcity of females is worthy of comment. It may be that the majority of them had migrated toa greater distance from land. The 68 specimens that were examined possessed only the normal apertures on the third pair of walking - legs. Dr. Malcolm Laurie, however, tells me of a female specimen in his possession which has two pairs, the additional ones being on the fourth pair of legs.
The 1068 Norway lobsters which enter into my calculations
1 Since the above was written I have received 24 male Norway lobsters from the Forth area, 21 being normal, one showing arrangement C and another arrangement D, while a third presented an arrangement not hitherto observed, having apertures
upon the left third and right fourth walking-legs in addition to the normal ones, the total number of apertures being four.
1902. | VARIATION IN THE NORWAY LOBSTER. 7
were all obtained from the area of the Firth of Forth. In addi- tion to these I procured 80 specimens which were caught off the Isle of Man. Of these two were females, one was an abnormal male having two pairs of genital apertures, and the rest were
_ Text-fig 3.
Diagram illustrating variation in genital apertures in Nephrops norvegicus.
Percentage-curve illustrating variation in the number of genital apertures in 1000 male specimens of Nephrops norvegicus. 'The lower figures give the number of apertures and the side figures the percentage of individuals.
normal males. The number is, of course, not large enough for any definite conclusions to be based upon it; but in view of the fact that I never obtained even smaller batches from the Forth area without finding a much higher percentage of abnormality, the presence of only a single abnormal specimen among the Isle
8 MR. F. H. A. MARSHALL ON [Jan. 14,
of Man lobsters may point to the percentage being related to the locality *.
The positions of the additional openings upon their respective legs are approximately the same as those of the normal ones on the fifth legs. In the case of those specimens with three pairs of openings, the most anterior of which are situated on the third legs in the position of oviducal openings, it is clear, if only from the modification of the anterior abdominal appendages, that the Specimens are males. The abnormal apertures are sometimes smaller than the normal ones, though they may be even larger. In the case of the single specimen showing seven spermatic apertures, the six posterior openings are of about equal size, while the opening on the second thoracic leg on the left side is very much smaller but still quite obvious.
The state of preservation of the majority of the specimens rendered it impossible to determine the structure of the internal genital organs. In the fresh specimens it could, however, in some cases be made out that the apertures opened internally into blind sacs. In a few there appeared to be duct-like extensions of these sacs internally. In a fair proportion the vasa deferentia gave off branches which extended for a short distance towards the abnormal openings. In at least one instance these anterior forks of the vasa deferentia reached the bases of the legs on which the abnormal apertures were situated. Whether there is ever a free functional passage from the position of the forking to the abnormal aperture it is difficult to say with certainty.
That Norway lobsters with additional genital apertures have been common in Scottish waters for a considerable number of years, appears from information supplied me by Professor Ewart, Dr. Beard, Dr. Masterman, and others. Before I began my investigation on the degree of frequency of such abnormal lobsters, Dr. Masterman expressed the opinion that quite 10 per cent. of the specimens he had observed since he had been in Scotland had additional genital openings; and Dr. Beard, who has had occasion to examine a very large number, speaks to me of regular epidemics of this kind of abnormality in some years in the past, the students in the laboratory experiencing great difficulty in distinguishing the males from the females.
The only published record, so far as I know, of additional genital openings in WVephrops is a recent paper by Mr. Cole, who states that “abnormalities in oviducal and spermatic apertures are by no means uncommon, and I remember examining three specimens, two of which were abnormal and had four super- numerary spermatic apertures occurring as follows :—
Third walking-legs. « : - Fourth walking-legs. - . ¢ Fifth walking-legs. : :
1 Mr. Bateson informs me that he has noticed some variation in the degree of frequency of abnormality in regard to the oviducal apertures in batches of Astacus procured at various times for the Zoological Laboratory at Cambridge, and is of
opinion that this variation is probably related to the localities from which the batches were obtained.
”?
1902. ] VARIATION IN THE NORWAY LOBSTER. 9
Mr. Bateson has, however, placed on record several cases of females of Astacus fluviatilis with additional oviducal apertures, but their degree of frequency was not nearly so great as that of the abnor anal spermatic apertures in Wephrops. After citing Desmarest’s observation of a female Astacus with oviducal apertures on both the antepenultimate and penultimate legs, to each of which the oviducts branched, he describes several cases that he has himself observed. Among 583 female Astaci he records 23 which were abnormal in regard to the genital aper- tures, 17 having an opening on one of the fourth legs, one with an opening on cach of the fourth legs, one with one opening on each of the fourth and fifth legs (in “each case in addition to the normal openings), and four in which one of the normal openings was wanting. The oviducts in most cases gave off branches to the abnormal openings as in Desmarest’s specimen. Mr. Bateson cites Dr. Benham’s observation on a female crayfish which had a pair of supernumerary openings on the fifth legs but none on the fourth. Out of 714 males that Mr. Bateson examined, one was abnormal in having no spermatic aperture on the right side. No cases of additional spermatic apertures are recorded for Astacus.
The above-described variations in Nephrops would appear to have some bearing on the supposed cases of hermaphroditism among the Astacide. La Valette St. George has described a specimen of Astacus fluviatilis, in its external characters a male, but with what appeared to be a hermaphrodite gland. Bergendal in two papers has recorded his observations on females of Astacus fluviatilis in which the appendages of the first abdominal somite were modified as in the male; and Faxon has cited other cases of partial or complete hermaphroditism. But it is only those cases where the evidence of hermaphroditism is supplied by the exist- ence of apertures situated as in one sex, inanimals which in many characters resemble the other sex, which specially concern the subject of this paper.
Tn his ‘ Revision of the Astacide’ Faxon gives an account of a specimen of Cambarus propinquus, which appears to have been an undoubted female, for ovarian eggs were found on dissecting it. The external characters, including the condition of the appendages of the first and second abdominal somites, were also those of the female, with the exception of the position of the genital apertures, which were on the last pair of thoracic legs—z. e., in the position typical of the male.
Lénnberg states that he believes he has seen rudimentary genital ducts passing to the third pair of thoracic legs in two specimens of Cambarus fallax, but owing to their state of preser- vation he is not positive.
Von Martens has long ago recorded the presence of additional apertures on the bases of the antepenultimate legs in certain male specimens of Cheraps preissii, Astacus pilimanus, and A. brasiliensis, the two latter of which are now included in Huxley’s genus Parastacus.
‘Von Ihering describes these apertures which occur in all the
10 MR. F. H. A. MARSHALL ON [Jan. 14,
specimens of Parastacus he saw as follows:—‘“ Il y a sur le coxo- podite de la troisiéme jambe, une ouverture ovale qui est fermée par un écusson bombé et que l’on peut déprimer du cdté médian ou libre.” The state of preservation was not good, but von Ihéring says :—‘‘Tl m’a paru qu’un conduit trés délicat se dirigeait plus en avant, & louverture du troisiéme coxopodite, mais je ne puis Vaffirmer.” Whether or not the specimens dissected were her- maphrodite, von [héring is apparently also doubtful.
Faxon records the coexistence of both pairs of apertures in all the specimens he has examined of Parastacus saffordi, P. vari- cosus, P. defossis, and P. hassleri, but not in specimens of P. agassizu. No account of the internal genital organs is given by Faxon.
The best and most recent account of the supernumerary aper- tures and ducts of Parastacus is by Lénnberg, who describes both sexes, which differ not only in their internal but also in their external characters. The species described is P. hassleri. Not only do the males have supernumerary apertures and ducts in the 11th somite, but the females also in the 13th somite, in the position of the normal apertures of male crayfish. Although the supernumerary ducts have a lumen they are not functional, since the additional genital orifices in the male are only shallow grooves and those in the female are closed bya membrane. The additional openings in the male are closely similar in appearance to the functional openings of the female. Loénnberg states that he has found bodies resembling eggs in the testis, but he thinks it im- probable that they “ can be fully developed, still less of propagative use.” He draws the conclusion that “in Parastacus hassleri a partial hermaphroditism is prevailing.” It is interesting to note that the apertures in most species of Parastacus* are on the same somites as in the abnormal Astacus described by Benham.
In view of the frequent occurrence of genital apertures in Nephrops on the basal joints of other legs than the third and fifth, the coexistence of apertures upon these legs cannot be regarded as conclusive evidence of a partially hermaphrodite condition as some authors have supposed. Apertures on the fourth pair of legs have not, so far as I know, been recorded for Parastacus, but it is not unreasonable to suppose that if a large number of specimens were examined they would be found to occasionally occur.
To those who will regard the abnormal genital openings in Nephrops as evidence that the apertures and ducts were meta- merically repeated in past times, all the above-cited cases must be interesting in view of Lankester’s suggestion that the genital ducts of Arthropods are derived from nephridia. Allen has described the genital’ ducts in young adults of Palemonetes as
1 Mr. Borradaile has called my attention to the fact that in male specimens of Pagurus deformis M.-Edw. the female apertures also normally occur. Vide Borra- daile, “ On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific, Part IT.,” P. Z.S. 1898, where references are given.
1902. | VARIATION IN THE NORWAY LOBSTER. 11
agreeing ‘in all their relations with those of Peripatus,” and the probability of their being derived from nephridia he regards as “very great.” It is, however, very doubtful whether the case of Nephrops has any real bearing on this question, seeing that in Astacus we may also get variation in the direction of reduction of apertures, and in Cambarus simple homeotic shifting of the apertures without any addition to their number.
However this may be, the occurrence of such a high percentage of a particular kind of abnormality as I have recorded among the Norway lobsters of the Forth area during the present year is instructive as supplying another example of the falsity of the doctrine that a well-marked variation cannot exist with any con- siderable degree of frequency owing to the so-called “swamping effects of intercrossing.”
Specimens illustrating the various arrangements of the genital apertures described in this paper were exhibited before the Zoological Section of the Meeting of the British Association at Glasgow.
In conclusion I must express my indebtedness to Mr. Bateson, by whom I was induced to undertake this investigation.
References to Literature.
AtLten.—‘‘ Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea.” Q. J. M.S. vol. xxxiv. p. 403 (1893).
Batrson.—“ Materials for the Study of Variation.” London, 1894.
Benuam.—“ Note on a Couple of Abnormalities.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 256 (1891).
BeRGENDAL.—“‘ Ueber abnorme Formen der ersten abdominalen Anhiinge bei einigen Krebsweibchen,” Bihang till K. Sv. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handlingar, vol. xiv. Stockholm, 1889; and ‘‘Neue Beobachtungen iiber die Formvariation der ersten abdominalen Anhinge bei Krebsweibchen,” 7bid. vol. xv. 1890.
Conz.—‘ Some Variations in the Spinal Nerves of the Frog.” Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 114 (1901).
DesmArest.—‘“ Note sur une Disposition anormale des Organes génitaux observée dans VAstacus fluviatilis Fabricius.” Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 2° série, vol. vi. p. 479 (1848).
Faxon.—“ On some Crustacean Deformities.” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. viii. p. 257 (1881).
Faxon.—“ Revision of the Astacide.” Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb., Mass. vol. x. 1885.
Faxon.—‘ Observations on the Astacide in U.S. National Mus. and in Mus. Comp. Zool.,” &e. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xx. p-. 643 (1898).
Huxtey.—‘‘On the Classification and the Distribution of the Crayfishes.” P. Z.8. 1878, p. 752.
12 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
Von Inrrtne.— Parastacus.” Congrés International de Zoologie & Moscou, Aug. 1892 (dated Rio Grande del Sol, 1892). Lankester.—‘ Note on Gulland’s memoir, entitled ‘ Evidence in favour of the view that the Coxal Gland of Limulus and of other Arachnids is a modified Nephridium.’” Q. J. M.S. vol. xxxiv. p. 427 (18938).
Lonnperc.— Some Biological and Anatomical Facts concerning Parastacus.” Zool. Anz. vol. xxi. p. 334 (1898).
Von Marrens.—Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforsch- ender Freunde zu Berlin, 1870.
Sr. Grorce.— Ueber eine Zwitterbildung beim Flusskrebs.” Arch. f. mikr. Anat. vol. xxxix. p. 504 (1892).
2. On some remarkable Digestive Adaptations in Diprotodont Marsupials. By Dr. Einar Lonnsere, C.M.ZS.
[Received November 18, 1901. ] (Text-figures 4-6.)
While dissecting for other purposes some Phalangerids, my attention was attracted by the great difference in the develop- ment of the intestine in the different species. As some of the observations made at the time are of a certain interest, the following account of the comparison of the conditions found in the different animals may perhaps be acceptable.
Before I proceed to report upon my own investigations, some preliminary remarks may be made concerning the views of other authors in similar cases.
The correspondence between an animal’s diet and the develop- ment of the different parts of its intestine is a well-known fact ; but, on the other hand, the reason why this must be so has been comparatively little discussed. Hllenberger, for instance, has stated that the great development of the cecum in the Horse stands in connection with its diet, which chiefly consists of matter rich in cellulose. The food passes in this animal rather rapidly through the stomach and the small intestine, but is then retained in the cecum, where, to a great extent, digestion and absorption take place. In his papers on Rodents, especially in his great work ‘ Ueber das System der Nagetiere,’ Tullberg has expressed the opinion that digestion and absorption of cellulose take place in the cecum and the colon. He says also that the digestion of this kind of food is not only dependent on the length and width of these intestinal tracts, but also on the slowness with which the food passes through these parts of the intestine. There are in fact to be found many structural adaptations for the purpose of retaining the food or retarding its passage. The same author also discusses the reason why some animals among the Rodents, viz. the Myoxids, have lost their cecum. He believes that such a reduction is the result of a diet chiefly consisting of such
1902. ] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 13
substances (amylum, fat, proteine), the digestion of which may take place in the small intestine without the help of any cecum and without any specialization of the colon. Vegetable food may thus, just as well as a carnivorous diet, lead to the loss of the cecum. He also draws attention to the condition found in the peculiar Phalangerid Tarsipes, in which the cecum is entirely wanting, and thinks that this depends upon the fact that this animal feeds chiefly on honey. This last statement is of special interest because Tarsipes belongs to the same family as the animals which are to be considered here; and it might, with regard to the development of its intestine, be put at one end of the series described below.
The chief material for this little study was afforded by some specimens of Phalanger maculatus and Petawrus breviceps, collected in New Guinea by the late Dr. E. Nyman; a specimen of Pseudochirus occidentalis brought home from Western Australia by the late Captain Forsstrém; and a specimen of T'richosurus vulpecula from an unknown locality. In addition to these I have, with the kind permission of my friend Professor T. Tullberg, had the opportunity of using other available material in the Zoological Museum of the Royal University at Upsala, and I beg to offer him my best thanks for these new proofs of his never-ceasing liberality.
My first attempt was to try to find out on what kind of diet the above-mentioned animals lived, by carefully examining the contents of the stomach and the intestine. The stomach of the Petaurus contained pieces of the chitinous integument of various insects and larve, some whole Podurids, and hair of the animal itself. Among the Podurids my friend E. Wahlgren was able to distinguish specimens of Jsotoma palustris and of an Achorutes. It seems accordingly to be certain that this animal may be termed entomophagous, although perhaps also berries etc. may enter into its diet. The stomach and the intestine of the Phalanger maculatus were completely filled with fruit-pulp, and there is thus reason to regard this Cuscus as chiefly carpophagous. The stomach in my specimens of Pseudochirus and Trichosurus was empty ; the contents of the intestine and especially the cecum indicated, however, a vegetable origin. In the cecum of Zricho- surus comparatively large pieces of the fibrous skeleton of leaves could be found, but the parenchymatous substance was digested or, at any rate, loosened from the “nerves.” This agrees well with lLydekker’s words—‘“‘the highly aromatic leaves of the Peppermint-gum form the favourite food of these animals.” ! The cecum of Psewdochirus was filled with a substance in which, under the microscope, various parts of leaves, upper and lower epiderm, bundles of vessels, etc. could be discerned. There was also a good deal of fine sand, which, probably as dust, had once covered the leaves and sprouts on which the Pseudochirus had
1 LLydekker : “A Handbook to the Marsupialia and Monotremata.’ MLondon, 1894.
14 DR, E. LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14;
fed, and thus been swallowed together with the vegetable matter. Trichosurus and Pseudochirus are thus chiefly phyllophagous, and so also is the Koala (Phascolarctos), which feeds on Eucalyptus- leaves. Of the latter I have had only scant material—the dried cecum of a grown animal and the intestine of a foetus. It may, however, also be considered in this comparison because its anatomy is known from the descriptions of Owen * and Forbes’.
For the purpose of illustrating the length of the different parts of the intestine, the measurements are given in the following table * :—
Trichosurus. Pseudochirus. Phalanger. Petaurus. Length of animal
without tail ... 39 cm. 28°5 cm. 58 cm. 14 cm. Small intestine... 213 ,, 139°5 ,, 198 ,, 48 ,, @xcumye ee 23 ,, 42°5 ,, 69 ,, 5'5 ,, Large intestine ... 122 ,, 87-2 ,, 261 ,, Des
To make the comparison easier it is, however, convenient to express the relation between the length of the different parts of the intestine and the length of the animal itself (without tail). This is donein the following table, in which the numbers indicate percentages of the length of the animal without tail. The numbers under the head of Phascolarctos are calculated from the measurements of this animal recorded by Forbes (J. c. p. 184). There are also added measurements taken by myself from a specimen of the small insectivorous Acrobates pygmeus.
In percentage of the animal’s length Phasco- Tricho- Pseudo- d Acro- without tail. Jlarctos. surus. chirus. Phalanger-“Eetavrus: bates. Small intestine... 642 546 496 360 342 250 Crceum ............ 321 59 149 125 39 22°8 Large intestine... 784 312 305 474, 78 (mutilated)
A glance at this table reveals that in the Koala all parts of the intestine are very much more lengthened than the corre- sponding parts of the intestine of the animals at the other end of the series. The cecum and the large intestine are considerably larger even than in the likewise chiefly phyllophagous Trichosurus and Pseudochirus. On the other hand, all three phyllophagous animals have the small intestine developed in comparatively the same degree but a good deal longer than in the others. The reason why the cecum and the large intestine in Jrichosurus and Pseudochirus are comparatively shorter than the same organs in the Koala may be seen from the description further on. If the digestion of the cellulose takes place chiefly in the cecum, as has been supposed by the authors quoted above and with
1 « Anatomy of Vertebrates.’
2 “On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).” P. Z.S. 1881, p. 180.
3 All measurements are taken by means of a thread laid along the middle of the intestine while adherent to the mesentery.
1902. | ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS, 15
whom I fully agree, it may be asked—why has, then, the small intestine become lengthened in the three phyllophagous animals 2 I think that this may be explained in the following way :—The leaves of which the food of the animals is composed consist not only of cellulose, but contain also protoplasmic, amylaceous, and other substances, which ought to be digested and re-absorbed in the small intestine. These substances are, however, all of them enclosed within the membranes of the cellules of the leaves, and these membranes are more resistant than, for instance, the thin- walled cellules composing the pulp of fruit. The food derived from leaves must consequently be subjected to a longer treatment also in the small intestine, before yielding its useful substances, than food consisting of fruits needs—not to speak of animal food.
The small intestine of Trichosurus is villous, as has already been remarked by Oppel’, but my material does not allow any description of the villi. About 93 cm. from the opening into the large intestine I have found two roundish Peyer’s patches, situated near each other and measuring respectively 3 and 23 mm. in diameter. They are solid and not composed of small nodules. In the intestine of the Koala there are no Peyer’s patches according to Forbes (/. c. p. 184). The last portion of the ileum is in 7’richosurus conspicuously more thick-walled than other parts of the small intestine. Its mucous membrane forms distinct longitudinal plice, and it seems thus to be more rich in glands than other parts. In addition to this there are to be seen what I am inclined to term, with Owen, some “ wide and deep glandular fosse.” The largest of these is situated about 1 em. from the ileo-cecal opening, and measures nearly 5 mm. in length by 13 in width. About 1 cm. higher up the ileum there is another one of the same kind although smaller, so that it measures only 2 mm. in length. There are also indications of some other depressions, but they are shallower and less distinct. My material does not allow of any histological investigations, but I hardly think I can be much wrong in interpreting these as accumulations of glands. The ‘“fossee” mentioned by Owen in the words quoted above were found by him in the large intestine of the Koala, and are thus not homologous with these. The “‘fosse ” found by Owen have, however, their homologue in a thickened glandular area, with numerous shallow depressions, situated on the adjoining borders of the colon and the cecum of Trichosurus just opposite the ileo-ceecal opening. The ileo- cecal valve is well developed and protrudes into the colon. The limit between the colon and the cecum is only marked by a short plica from the ileo-cecal valve and a weak sphincter ceco-colicus. If this sphincter is weak it is assisted in its functions by a series of cecal sphincters which are strongly developed. Their number is four. The first is situated about 3 cm. from the czco-colic one. The next is stronger and found at about the same
1 ‘Lehrbuch d. vergl. mikroskopischen Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Zweiter Teil (Jena, 1897), p. 288,
16 DR. E. LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
distance from the first. The third, which is almost the strongest lies still 4 em. nearer the blind end. The fourth, which is about equal to the third in strength, is situated at a distance of about 8 cm. from the tip of the distal end. These two last-mentioned sphincters are 33 to 4 mm. thick, and protrude in the preserved state, as circular valves 3 mm. or more, into the lumen of the cecum ; and there is no doubt that in the living animal they are capable of entirely shutting off one portion of the cecum from the other, thus retaining the enclosed food during a suitable time
Text-fig. 4,
Cecum of Trichosurus vulpecula. Nat. size.
for decomposition. The walls of the caecum increase considerably in thickness towards its blind end; and it is evident that this increase includes the muscular coat as well as, and that especially, the glandular layer. This is the reason why the sphincters also must have an increased size and strength towards the blind end. The mucous membrane of the cecum is, at least from the third sphincter and onwards, transversely plicated, the plice becoming more prominent towards the blind end. They do not extend, however, as simple plice all round the cecum, but the ridges anastomose now and then so that they form a network with
1902, ] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 17
transversely very much elongated, but longitudinally quite narrow, meshes.
The figure (text-fig. 4) represents the blind end of the cecum from the last sphincter, and shows also the transverse plicee described above.
When the cecum is filled the blind end seems to taper toa point not unlike a vermiform appendix.
The colon is thin-walled and smooth, only showing, in places where it is contracted, longitudinal folds, which become effaced by stretching.
From this description it will be evident that the cecum of Trichosurus is an organ which has become to a considerable degree specialized for digestion (and re-absorption). When the chyme passes through the terminal portion of the ileum it becomes mixed with the secretion of the glands of that intestinal tract, to which is added, when it enters through the ileo-cexcal valve, the secretion from the czco-colic glandular patch. Thanks to the sphincters and the well-developed muscular coat of the cecum, the food can be moved backwards and forwards, or retained in the cecal divisions, and then be subjected to the action of the glands through the development of an increased surface due to the transverse plice. This great specialization gives a satisfactory explanation why the cecum of TZrichosurus does not need to grow out to such a size and attain such a capacity as that of the Koala, It might be questioned whether any proofs can be given to show that cellulose is really decomposed and digested in the cecum of this animal. It may then, firstly, be referred to the peculiar structural specialization described above; secondly, it may be stated that the contents of the colon which have passed the cecum seem to indicate such a digestion. There may still be recognized remains of the most resistant parts of the vegetable tissue, such as pieces of epiderm, isolated sclerenchym-cellules, bundles of vessels, ete.—all of them looking as if they had been cleaned by some reagent, so that only the hardest ‘“ skeletal” parts were left. There are also to be seen the spiral threads, these being the only remains of spiral vessels, the thin walls of which probably have been digested. But I could not detect any parenchymatous cellules or other softer parts. I think, there- fore, that it may be admitted that the softer cellulose has been decomposed and digested, leaving only the more or less lignin-like substance.
In Pseudochirus the small intestine is, as usual, thin-walled and villous but otherwise smooth. The walls of the ileum do not seem to show any increase in thickness, The ileo-czecal valve (v.1.¢.) is well-developed, and from it extends as a transversal fold a execo-colic valve (v.c.c.) and sphincter, as may be seen in the figure (text-fig. 5, p. 18).
Close by, but on the colic side and also near the ileo-cxcal valve, a brownish glandular patch is seen, homologous with that described above and in a similar situation in 7’richosurus. (It is
Proc, Zoot, Soc,—1902, Vor. I, No, II, 2
18 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
not represented in the figure.) The cecum of Pseudochirus is a good deal larger than that of Trichosurus, as the above-recorded comparative measurements indicate, and offers also quite another aspect (compare figures). It is provided with two very strong teenie, which continue to the blind end of the cecum. These tenie have an average breadth of 3 mm. and extend one on each side. By means of these teenie and the mesentery the wall of the cecum is folded so that it forms three series of sacculi.
Text-fig. 5.
\ : : Rirawen ee
Cexcum ot Pseudochirus occidentalis. Nat. size. c., colon; 7., ileum; v.¢.c., cxeco-colic valve; v.7.c., ileo-czecal valve.
Through this the effectiveness of the cecum as a digesting organ is greatly increased, the more so as the depth of the pockets is comparatively great. The end of the cecum in this animal is bluntly rounded, and thus different from that of Trichosurus. The first part of the colon is longitudinally plicated, but the plice are not strongly developed and soon disappear.
1902. ] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPTALS, 19
The digestion in the cecum seems to be rather complete, since at a distance of 25 cm., more or less, from the ileo-ceeal valve the fecal matter is already formed into balls. A microscopical investigation of these fecal remains shows that they are chiefly composed of pieces of thick-walled epiderm, bundles of vessels, isolated prosenchyme-cells, and similar matter. But the softer vegetable tissue has disappeared and the spiral threads of the vessels are isolated, indicating a digestion of the substance that once formed the walls.
The intestine of the Koala has been described, as already mentioned, by the authors quoted above. Only a few remarks will therefore be made here concerning the intestine of a marsupial foetus of this species measuring about 9 cm. in length. Its small intestine measured about 37 cm., the cecum 8°5 cm., and the large intestine about 29 cm. The length of the three different parts of the intestine, compared with the length of the fcetus itself, is thus expressed by the following percentages: 411, 94, 322. If these now are compared with the corresponding ones from a grown animal, calculated from Forbes’s measurements (see above), the difference is quite striking with regard to the cecum and the large intestine. The former is proportionately only about a third as long in the foetus as in the full-grown animal, and the latter less than half as large in the feetus as in the adult. The difference of the small intestine of both stages is not so great, that of the fetus being about four-fifths of the same in the adult. It is also to be remarked that in the feetus the small intestine is considerably longer than the colon, but in the adult the reverse condition prevails. These differences can of course be ascribed to the difference of the diet of both stages. The milk food of the fcetus is chiefly or completely digested in the small intestine, but the vegetable diet of the adult needs a greatly developed cecum and colon. The longitudinal folds of the cecum and the colon are, however, already developed in the foetus.
The condition found in the Wombat is very peculiar, The narrow opening of the ileum protrudes, surrounded by an “ ileo- cecal” valve, into the colic cavity. This valve has very broad lips, and within the same opens the lumen of the “ processus vermiformis” (Owen), only separated from the opening of the ileum by a septum—that is, in other words, the terminal portions of the vermiform appendage and of the ileum are thus fused together into one structure protruding into the colon ; both open with separate orifices, which are, however, surrounded by the lips of the same valve. The glandular patch described above as situated near the valvula cceco-colica in the related Phalangerids is found in this animal too, but extends partly on to the outer side of the “ ileo-ceecal” valve itself already mentioned. From this latter valve plice extend on two sides. These plice seem to stand in the same kind of connection to the ileo-czecal valve as in
normal cases the czeco-colic valve does, But they do not extend Q*
20 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
transversely in the colon as the latter is apt to do, but longi- tudinally, so that one plica extends down the colon, the other in an opposite direction on the other side. J am, however, inclined to think that these plice morphologically correspond to the more or less developed cxco-colic valve of other related forms. Although the direction is different the connection with the ileo-czcal valve may decide in favour of such an interpretation. These plice do not form any boundary between the cecum and the colon. They form no boundary at all directed as they are now. But how could they get such a direction? I think this may be explained im connection with the shape of the cecum. Owen, in describing the intestine of the Wombat, used the following words :—“ The cecum is extremely short but wide; it is remarkable for being provided with a vermiform appendage.”’ Later authors have adopted this same interpretation, but I hardly think it is right. If it had been a true vermiform appendage, that is, the reduced blind end of a cecum, it ought to have opened into the cecum of which it itself was a part. But it does not, as has been already stated above. It opens with a quite independent opening of its own near that of the ileum. I judge from this that the so-called processus vermiformis of the Wombat represents a rudiment of the whole cecum. If we assume that a moderately developed cecum should for some reason or another become reduced toa mere appendage, it must acquire a similar situation and open into the colon close to the ileum. It might then easily happen that the wall of the terminal portion of the rudimentary cecum became fused with the wall of the ileo-cecal valve. Such an event might be the more easily efiected as the shortened mesentery of the cecal rudiment would draw the latter more and more to the ileum and make both more closely connected. It would also be more convenient if the two openings into the colon lay near each other and were parallel in direction, because there would then be less risk of particles of food entering the cecal rudiment. I believe, indeed, that such a retrograde development has really taken place, and that in the ancestors of the Wombat the cecum has been reduced to a rudiment, which might happen if they lived on such a diet that the cecum was not needed for the digestion of the food. When the cecum had already reached a considerable degree of reduction, the diet of the animals was changed, and they began by-and-bye to feed on harder and legs easily digestible vegetable matter containing cellulose, ete. The czcum was now, however, so rudimentary that it could not, as in other related forms which live on a similar diet, help in the digestion of this food-stuff. This function became, therefore, the duty of the colon alone, which in consequence had to be con- siderably enlarged. It grew in strength, and its capacity increased so that it would be able to hold the greatly augmented amount of the less nourishing food that was needed for the sustaining of life and growth. Thecolon was then distended by the large quantities
1 Owen: ‘ Anat. of Vertebr.’ p. 417.
1902. ] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS, FAL
of food-material, and the mechanical pressure of this heavy load might have produced expansions, which, if localized, formed bags or sacculi. The first part of the colon might be expected to have been strongly affected by this pressure. It is consequently natural that some wide sacculi should be formed there, and it is these distensions which have been described and figured by the authors as cecum, although they are derived purely from the colon. It is also easy to understand that when this distension took place the originally transverse czeco-colic plica was drawn or turned out of place to its present longitudinally-running direction.
That the mechanical pressure of the contents of the colon has really played important parts in transforming it to its present shape, may also be proved by another fact. By a broad band opposite the mesentery the colon is sacculated, which, of course, is also an adaptation to its function. At the place where the colon is most closely, by a very short mesentery, soldered to the back of the abdominal cavity, the pressure of the contents would, thanks to this fixation, be more effective. There has thus been formed two large sacculi, which give the colon at that place a size amounting to twice that of its usual width. The shape and size of these sacculi are identical in two specimens which I have seen. Thisconfirms the correctness of the statement ; and I think it is these which Owen means when he says: ‘One of these sacculi was so much longer than the rest as to almost merit special notice as a second cecum.”
Peyer’s patches of comparatively large size, 1 to 2 cm. in diameter, are scattered in considerable numbers in the walls of the colon, especially in its middle parts.
The material which I have used for this study has long been pre- served in spirit, and the measurements are perhaps therefore not somuch tobe relied upon. It may, however, be mentioned that the small intestine measured in one specimen about 410 cm., the cecal rudiment 6 cm. from its blind end to its opening, and the large intestine 840 cm. The “secondary cecum” is situated nearly at the middle, or 430 cm. from the end, Even if these measure- ments are imperfect in the detailed statements, they show satis- factorily that the large intestine has been strongly developed. Probably it is fully eight times the length of the animal, or even more than in the Koala.
The interior surface of the duodenum in Phalanger shows very plainly a reticulate structure, larger primary and smaller secondary plice may easily be distinguished. It offers thus some faint resemblance in appearance to the structure of the reticulum of a ruminant. The plice are in both cases formed by coalescence of papille. The villi of the intestine are well developed on the ridges forming the network, but some are also scattered in the interspaces. Lower down the small intestine this reticulate structure is less conspicuous, but my material is not in such good condition that I can say where it entirely disappears. The jejunum appears, however, quite smooth. it
22 DR. E. LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
As in Zvrichosurus, the small intestine of Phalanger is pro- vided with at least one Peyer’s patch. It is in the specimen before me situated 74 cm. from the cecum, and measures 30 mm. in length by 13 in breadth, being composed of a great number of small nodules. There are, however, probably more than one Peyer’s patch normally in the small intestine of the Cuscus, since Cunningham observed no less than nine in his specimen described in the ‘Challenger’ report. Some of these were, however, “a mere speck.” ‘The terminal portion of the small intestine shows some longitudinal folds, but these are probably not permanent as they disappear by transverse stretching. The ileo-czxcal valve is well developed and protrudes 12 to 14mm. into the cecum. From this valve extends on both sides a fold—the ceeco-colic valve. At the ileo-cecal valve it is about 7 mm. in height, but gradually diminishes; about 1 cm. from the valve it passes into the muscular thickening which forms the cxeco-colic sphincter. The communication between the cecum and the colon may thus be completely shut off by means of the incomplete ceco-colic valve and by contraction of the ceco-colic sphincter. When such a shutting-off is effected it seems as if the opening of the ileo-cecal valve would be directed into the cecum, and the function of the above-described caco-colic valve may partly be to brace the ileo- cecal valve so that it shall not be compressed and closed when the ceeco-colic sphincter contracts. But, as it is arranged now, the contents of the small intestine may pass directly into the cecum without risk of slipping down into the colon. On the cecal side of the valve there is an area on which the mucous membrane is provided with a considerable number of small depressions. These are about 1 mm. in diameter, and correspond, no doubt, to the glandular patch with similar depressions which has been described above in the phyllophagous Phalangerids, although the situation is a little different in these latter,in which this patch is found on the colic side of the valve. Cunningham does not mention this glandular patch in his description of the intestine of the Cuscus.
The width of the cecum is different at different places. It is at first about 4 cm., then widens to 6 cm., but soon becomes constricted to only 24 cm., widens again to 53 cm., then it 1s constricted to 24 cm,, and again widened to 4 c¢m., which con- dition is once more repeated, and then it finally tapers towards the end, which terminates in a digitiform appendix 2 em. in length by 4mm. in thickness. Cunningham* has in the same species only observed that the cecum “tapers uniformly.” ‘The appendix is hollow and filled. with the contents of the cecum. Its walls are thicker than those of the ordinary cecum, and it might be a lymphatic organ, which perhaps might be compared with the one of similar situation in the common rabbit.
The cecum of Phalanger is somewhat sacculated by means of
J) B)
1 “ Report on the Marsupialia,’” Rep. Scient. Results ‘Challenger,’ Zoology, pt. xvi. p. 161.
1902. | ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT- MARSUPIALS. 23
mesenteric bands of muscular fibres which are most often longi- tudinally, but sometimes obliquely, arranged. Such bands are found on both sides of the cecum. The interior of the cecum shows at the constricted places slight longitudinal folds, which, however, probably are of a temporary nature. They are thus not to be compared with the longitudinal folds described in the Koala by Owen and Forbes (J. ¢.).
In the large intestine of Phalanger there are some longitudinal folds near the upper sphincter. They are, however, quite short and continue but a few centimetres from the ileo-cecal valve, and are therefore quite unlike the longitudinal “ valvule conini- ventes” described in the Koala by the authors just mentioned. The colon tapers abruptly from the width of the cecum 4} cm. to 23 and then to 13cm. In places where it is much distended its width may reach 3 cm., but as a ule it is less than that of the small intestine, usually 2-14 cm.! The rectum attains a width of 23 cm., and is provided with about half a dozen longi- tudinal folds, plainly conspicuous, but not much developed. They may, however, be regarded as homologous with those of the Koala in a corresponding situation and of nearly the same number, according to Forbes. The non-digestible remains in the colon of Phalanger consist of pieces of epiderm of fruit, pro- senchymatous fibres and vessels. The main mass of the fruit- pulp is, however, so decomposed that its particles cannot be identified.
The duodenum of Petawrus is very densely beset with flattened more or less tongue-like villi which are transversely arranged and partly form thin denticulated lamelle. They lie so close together that the contents of the intestine probably only, or at least chiefly, come into contact with the tips of the villi— a condition found by Oppel (J. ¢. pp. 288-9) in Zrichosurus. In Petaurus the small intestine is beset with villi through its whole extent, although they decrease in size posteriorly. The condition found in Acrobates seems to be essentially the same. In Petaurus the duodenum forms a much more distinct loop than in Phalanger ; it is 3 em. in length, the ascending branch being closely connected with the descending one and returning along the same to the pyloric tract. In the latter the duodenal loop is less pronounced because the ascending branch is only half as long as the descending one.
In Petawrus the connection between the large and small intes- tine takes place in such a manner that the ileum opens indo the colon, into which the valvula ileo-cwcalis (the name is thus not quite suitable in this case, more correctly v. ileo-colica) protruded about 2mm. Close to this valve there is between the cecum and the colon a strong sphincter, partly like a valve protruding into the cavity of the colon and only leaving a very narrow opening (which, of course, also can be closed) between the same and that of the cecum.
1 All such measurements are taken across the empty but not opened intestine,
24 DR, E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan, 14,
It is thus evident that the contents of the ileum must pass into the colon, and from there, when the sphincter mentioned above relaxes, into the cecum. It is also evident that no large pleces can pass through the narrow opening into the cecum. A comparison between the contents of the colon proves this state- ment completely. A sample of the contents of the colon taken 2 cm. from the ileo-cecal valve consists chiefly of large pieces of the chitinous integument of insects, sete of such animals, ete. A sample from the cecum consists only of the tiniest particles which cannot be measured or identified. The narrow opening between the cecum and the colon serves accordingly as a filter. The large indigestible remains are kept back in the colon, the fluid and the fine particles suspended in the same pass into the cecum, where, no doubt, an absorption of the fluid takes place, after which the indigestible remains are forced back to the colon to be expelled with the feces. The function of the cecum may thus be termed absorbing and desiccating. The large intestine acts nearly in its whole extent as a rectum, as the fecal matter is already formed into balls at a distance of only 2 cm. from the ileum (text-fig. 6),
Text-fig. 6.
Cecum of Petawrus breviceps.
ec, cecum; 7, ileum; co, colon. Valvula ileo-colica is seen to protrude into the colon, and a bristle is inserted through the narrow opening of the cxco-colic sphincter.
In Phalanger, on the other hand, it can be assumed with certainty that the cecum has a digestive function, which may be concluded from the fact that it 1s provided with large glands. The great length of the colon makes it probable that it has digestive as well as reabsorbing powers.
The dimensions of the different tracts of the intestine in a marsupial young of Petawrus breviceps, measuring 63 mm. in total length without tail, were as follows:—Small intestine 185 mm., cecum 17 mm., and large intestine 43 mm. If these measure- ments be compared with those of the young animal itself (without tail) the relation is expressed by the following percentages :—290, 26, and 68. From this it may be seen that all three parts are
1902.] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 25
somewhat shorter in the young than in the adult. The difference is, however, not so great as in the case of a marsupial fcetus of the Koala already mentioned. Although the latter represented a younger stage’, the conclusion can thus be drawn that the milk diet of the young Petauwrus differs, with regard to its com- position and therefrom resulting influence on the intestine, less than it does in the case of the young Koala. It is also of interest to note that in the young Petawrus the cecum stands in quite open communication with the colon. That is because the sphincter is not needed yet for the purpose of prohibiting any indigestible remains from entering the cecum as in the adult.
In Acrobates the arrangement of the connection between the small and the large intestine is the same as in the adult Petaurus. The ileum opens with its valve protruding like a mouthpiece into the colon; and there is a very strong constric- tion between the latter and the cecum. Although the stomach in my specimen of Acrobates was empty, I think it may be assumed that it lives on a similar diet to Petawrus; and at any rate the function of the cecum seems to be perfectly alike in both animals.
The small intestine of Acrobates is comparatively shorter even
than that of Petawrus. In the latter and in Phalanger the length of the small intestine is comparatively not much different. This may be understood as meaning that that part of the food- material which ought to be digested in the small intestine of Phalanger is not difficult to digest. It may chiefly consist of the juice and other contents of the soft parenchymatous cells of the fruit-pulp. This matter is, of course, more easily accessible for the digestive organ than is the material contained in the better protected cells of the leaves etc., which form the food of the animals considered above, and the small intestine of which, there- fore, has become lengthened. _ Ag the last stage in this series, showing a different develop- ment of the intestine and especially of the cecum in accordance with the different diet, Zarsipes may be mentioned; this animal has, as already remarked, entirely lost its cecum, because such an organ is superfluous for a honey-eater.
The general arrangement and structure of the dentition of these animals indicate that also with regard to those parts adapt- ations for different purposes have taken place. The dentition of Phascolomys is evidently most specialized. Its incisors are more reduced in number than in the others, the canines are absent, and the molars have persistent pulps. The latter are also curved in such a way that the upper molars are laterally concave and the lower ones are laterally convex. This development and shape
1 The Koala foetus was still naked. The young Petawrus was beginning to become hairy, so that, for instance, the dark vertebral stripe was well conspicuous, but the hairs of the tail were not yet prolonged. It had certainly not yet partaken of any other food than milk, because the mandibular incisors, although protruding 3 mm. from the sockets, had not cut the gum.
26 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
of the molars reminds one of the same in the Hares and Rabbits. In his above-quoted work Tullberg has already drawn attention to this parallelism. The explanation given by that author of the development of persistent pulps in the molars holds good for the Wombat as well. He believes that such teeth have been developed chiefly in animals which feed on hard and tough roots. Such animals must take much sand into the mouth when feeding, and the sand must act strongly upon the crowns of the molars in the act of grinding. This renders persistent growth necessary. That the food of the Wombat consists mainly of roots is a well-known fact; anda glance at the crowns of the molars suffices to show the marks of the sand as transverse scratches. Although the molars of the Wombat in their general shape resemble those of a Rabbit, the chewing must take place in quite a different manner in both forms', as can be seen from a comparison of the structure of the mandible in both animals.
The dentition of the Phalangerids has been described by Flower and lydekker in their valuable manual*. They have drawn attention to the “crescentoid” cusps of the molars in Pseudo- chirus and in the Koala “recalling those of the Selenodont Artiodactyle Ungulates.” This ‘“subselenodont” dentition is, of course, very suitable for phyllophagous animals. It becomes the more effective because the distance between the upper molar series is greater than that between the mandibular molar series, so that the outer row of cusps of the latter fit in between both rows of the upper. Through this arrangement the jaws get as it were a cutting-power, and when the lower jaw is moved side- ways the sharp enamel ridges have a great power of tearing and grinding the food. It is, in fact, evident that the chewing of the food takes place in the following manner :—The lower jaw is moved towards one side so much that the outer margin of its molars corresponds to the outer margin of the upper molars. If, then, both jaws are pressed hard against each other the lower jaw must glide, with triturating effect, ina median direction— in consequence of the fact that the main surface of the upper molars slopes inward—till the outer cusps of the lower molars fit in between both series of cusps of upper molars as described above. Then the same movements are repeated again on the same or the other side. The movements of the jaws in the act of chewing may thus be compared with those in the Ruminants —as might be expected seeing that the teeth have a similar structure and position.
The incisors in these two animals are different in shape. In the Koala they are comparatively narrower than in Pseudochirus. The compressed mandibular incisors glide with their bevelled ends inside the upper median incisors, and work against the second pair of upper incisors; the latter in their styliform shape
z This is also remarked by Tullberg (7. ¢.). * An Introduction to the Study of Mammals. London, 1891.
1902.] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 27
and situation behind the first pair remind one of those of the duplicidentate rodents. The incisors in this animal serve thus to nip off pieces of the leaves. In Pseuwdochirws the lower incisors are broad and have sharp cutting-edges also on the sides. They therefore work together with the upper incisors as a pair of scissors cutting off pieces of plants and leaves. Both halves of the mandible are in this animal movable, whereby the cutting-power of the lower incisors becomes more effective. They may thus be compared in shape and in action with those of the Kangaroos.
In Trichosurus the incisors ave intermediate in shape between those of the two animals just referred to. They are broader than in the Koala, but have a cutting-edge only in front. In two skulls of this animal before me it is plain that the lower incisors, when used, are able to work against all three pairs of upper incisors, Which are all worn—the median ones, however, in such a manner that a sharp edge is left in front. The two halves of the mandible do not seem to be movable.
The subselenodont type of the molars is not so prominent in this animal—at least not when the teeth are worn. The shape and position of the molars seem also to be different in Z'richo- surus, because, at least in the specimens before me, the surface of the two anterior upper molars slopes inwards and that of the two posterior ones outwards. Inthe lower jaw, in correspondence herewith, the two anterior molars slope outwards and the two posterior ones inwards. The crown of the posterior premolar in each jaw slopes in the same direction as the anterior molars of the same series close to which it is situated. In consequence of this arrangement, the upper premolar and the anterior upper molars effect the gliding in a median direction of the lower jaw when both jaws are pressed against each other in the manner described above; but the posterior upper molars arrest the lower jaw and hinder it from gliding further than to its normal position. In connection herewith is also to be observed that the mandibular molar series of 7richosurus—thus differing from the Koala and Pseudochirws—have not a shorter distance inter se along their whole length than the maxillary molar series. In TZricho- surus the molar series of both jaws are, posteriorly, almost opposite each other, and only anteriorly have the mandibular molars a more median position than the upper molars. This accounts for the different direction of the anterior and posterior molars.
The teeth of a young Phalanger differ a great deal from those of the old one of the same species. In the half-grown animal the lower incisors appear to be absolutely broader than in the adult.- This is, however, only apparently the case. The breadth is about the same in both. The incisors of the young are thus not only comparatively broader, but their shape is also different. They are much more flattened than in the adult and have sharp lateral edges, so that they resemble the corresponding teeth of Pseudochirus described above, or of a Kangaroo. The resem-
28 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan. 14,
blance is the greater because they have a more horizontal direction than in the adult, in which latter they are also stouter, com- pressed, and only provided with an edge at the end. In the young the lower incisors, on account of their shape, work against the two median pairs of the upper incisors when the jaws are shut. In the adult they work only against the inside of the median pair of upper incisors when in a normal situation close to each other. The halves of the lower jaw are, however, movable, more so in the young than in the adult. This, together with the sideway movements of the lower jaw, explains also why the second pair of upper incisors are worn. The faculty of moving the mandibular halves so that the lower incisors may be separated from each other in the act of biting is, of course, very useful in many cases’. Thus, for instance, the animal is capable of securing a much larger piece of some soft fruit ° in one bite through this arrangement, and when occasionally preying upon animals or birds this faculty is also of importance. The mobility of the mandibular halves consequently serves here other purposes than in the Kangaroos and Pseudochirus.
The upper canines are well developed in young and adult. The molars of the young Cuscus show four well-developed pyramidal cusps with radiating ridges, so that, as has been shown by O. Thomas, they resemble in some degree those of the Koala. The enamel of these cusps is, however, less developed in the Cuscus, so that they are in the adult animal soon worn down to such an extent that the crown becomes almost even, and only peripherally surrounded by enamel. The teeth are then not much adapted for any grinding action. The situation and different sloping of the posterior and anterior molars are similar to those described in Zrichosurus. The action of the jaws must consequently be similar, although the enamel is rather less developed. To crush the pulp of fruits and similar matter the teeth are, however, sufficient. The hindmost premolar of both jaws lying just in front of the molar series is somewhat more strongly developed than in Z’richoswrus, pointed and reminding one a little of a canine. Those of the upper and lower jaw do not touch each other as in 7richosurus, but the mandibular premolar goes inside and in front of that of the maxillary. This development of the last premolar may have some connection with the alleged occasionally predatory habits of the animal, —
In Petauwrus the median lower incisors are very long and slender, The median pair of upper incisors are longer than the others. They may thus, together with the lower incisors, form a pair of pincers. It is also probable that the mandibular incisors themselves may, because both halves of the lower jaw are quite movable, act as a suitable implement for pinching and scratching
1 The mobility of the mandibular halves of the Rodents and its causes have been extensively discussed by Tullberg in his work quoted above, p. 345 and following. 2 Tullberg has stated that ‘Squirrels feeding on mushrooms separate their
incisors (J. c. c.).
1902. ] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 29
small insects from their refuge in flowers, in cracks in the bark, and similar places where these slender incisors may conveniently be inserted. When securing larger insects this can, of course, be more easily done with the incisors separated so that they act as a fork, than if they lie close together and form only one point. The molars have four moderately developed bluntly pointed cusps. The lateral row of cusps of the mandibular molars fits in between both rows of cusps of the upper molars.
On the whole the dentition may be said to approach the insectivorous type. The molars can certainly not be used for the grinding of any hard vegetable matter, and the incisors are too weak to gnaw.
In Acrobates the development has gone still further in the same direction. The median lower incisors are long and slender, although, if compared with the skull itself, not so long as in Petaurus, which has a shorter, less pointed snout. They may certainly serve as pincers and the mandibular halves are quite movable. The premolars of Acrobates are much better developed, longer, and more pointed than those of Petawrus. When the jaws shut, the premolars of the upper and lower jaws meet, and the latter slide up in front of the former. These teeth may thus help in catching and holding the prey, which is not the case in Petaurus. In the latter the premolars and second incisors of the lower jaw are small and functionless. This is because, in con- sequence of the length of the median incisors and the corresponding shortness of the jaw itself, there is formed a considerable opening between the upper and the lower jaw corresponding to the canine and premolar region of the maxillary. The maxillary teeth thus cannot meet the mandibular teeth, which do not even lie opposite to them. The molars of Acrobates are similar to those of Petaurus, but their cusps are sharper. It may be in conse- quence of the arrangement of the premolars and their use that Acrobates has been able to reduce its number of molars to 3/3 when Pefauwrus has 4/4.
In none of the Phalangerids which have the rami of the lower jaw movable, as described above, have I been able to detect in my material any trace of such a transverse muscle as that which is found in the Kangaroos at the base of the mandibular incisors, and which has the function of approximating the inner edges of these teeth. In the Kangaroos it is said by Leche* that the mandibular incisors are separated from each other by the com- bined action of the musculi biventer, mylohyoideus, and genio- hyoideus. In his great work on the Rodents already quoted, Tullberg states that m. masseter serves to break or bend the lower margin of the mandible outwards, and that in such a case the incisors become pressed close to each other. On the other hand, the m. transversus mandibule, when contracting, approaches the lower margins of the mandibular rami towards the median line,
1 Bronn: Kl. u. Ordn. d. Thierr., Satigethiere, vi. 5. 1. p. 681.
30 DR. E, LONNBERG ON DIGESTIVE [Jan, 14,
whereby the incisors become separated. In the Phalangerids in question I think that in a similar manner as in the Rodents the masseter may press the mandibular incisors together, but the pterygoideus intermus separates them from each other. The mylo- hyoideus seems to be rather weak, and is inserted too high up on the inner surface of the mandible to have any power of bending the lower parts of the mandibular rami inwards and thus separate the incisors. The pterygoideus internus is very strongly developed, and the angle of the mandible is much inflected so as to give this muscle a wide area of insertion. It is of interest to see that in those Phalangerids which have especially movable mandibular rami, viz. Pseudochirus, Petawrus, and Acrobates, this inflexion is much stronger than in the Koala with fixed mandibular rami. This fact gains importance by the obser- vation that in the three former less is done for the enlarging of the area of insertion of the masseéer on the outer side of the mandible than in the Koala, in which the angle is considerably expanded on the outer side.
In Trichosurus and the Wombat, with immovable mandibular rami, and in Phalanger, with the same only a little movable, the angle of the mandible is broadly expanded on both sides for the purpose of giving the powerful muscles a wide area of insertion.
It has been stated above that the Koala and Pseudochirus, and in a somewhat smaller degree Zrichosurus and Phalanger, must move their mandibles in a lateral direction in the act of chewing, so that the mandibular molars come quite opposite those of the maxillary. This movement must take place in such a manner that the whole mandible makes a slight lateral rotation with the condyle of the same side, towards which the movement is directed, as a fixed point or pivot. This rotation is effected by the con- traction of a portion of the masseter of the opposite side, that portion which, posteriorly, is inserted to the outer angle of the mandible, and anteriorly to the foremost part of the zygomatic arch or to the maxillary below and in front of the same.
When contracting, this muscle endeavours to pull its posterior
oint of insertion forwards, which results in a pressing of the whole mandible towards the other side. The result is the more easily obtained the more the outer angle of the mandible is developed, because the lever becomes longer when the posterior point of insertion of the said masseteric portion is situated more laterally—or, which is the same, at a greater distance from the pivot (condyle), The m. pterygoideus internus when contracting endeavours to draw up the lower margin of the mandible, or its inner angle, in an upward and somewhat median direction. This action then results in an outward bending of the molar series, and, perhaps, also a slight lateral rotation of the whole mandible, because it is fixed posteriorly. The more the inner mandibular angle protrudes in a median direction, the longer is the lever for
1902.] ADAPTATIONS IN DIPROTODONT MARSUPIALS. 31
this muscular action. It is thus possible that the movement of the mandible towards one side is effected by the combined action of a part of the masseter of the opposite side, and in less degree by the pterygoideus internus of the same side. When the man- dible has come to the desired lateral position so that the outer margin of its molars comes quite opposite that of the corresponding molars of the maxillary, both masseters and pterygoidet contract and press the jaws together. The lower jaw then glides back into the normal position, owing to the direction of the sloping surfaces of the molar crowns as described above.
In the true Phalangerids the mandibular condyle which serves as the pivot in the above-mentioned lateral rotation of the lower jaw is steadied behind by the very solid post-glenoidal bone. In the Wombat the condyle is only steadied on the inner side. We may conclude from this that the chewing of this animal takes place in a different manner from that in the true Phalangerids. The sloping of the molar surfaces is also quite different in the Wombat, i.e. inwards in the lower and outwards in the upper jaw. In addition to this they are concave with sharp enamel ridges all round, but especially protruding at the inner and outer margins, It seems as if the chewing were effected by alternating trans- verse movements of the lower jaw, and that the triturating action on each side chiefly takes place when that side of the mandible is moved in a median direction. As my material is not sufficient, however, I shall not make any detailed statements.
Tarsipes takes, with regard to its dentition, the same extreme position as it does with regard to the development of its intestine, The mandibular incisors are slender and form together a point, which perhaps might be used in making holes in the corolla of flowers rich in honey for the insertion of the tongue. Together with the upper incisors and canines they may also act as a pair of pincers, useful when the animal catches small insects as it is reported todo’, But the well-known rudimentary condition of its molar series—in the specimen before me 2/2 to the left, 3/3 to the right—as well as the weakness of the lower jaw, w ithout a processus coronoideus and angular inflection, make chewing or even crushing of any hard prey impossible.
Thus the development and structure of the dentition, as well as of the intestine, show a beautiful correspondence with the diet and habits of the animals in the whole family Phalangeride, the more striking through the polymorphism within so rece ere limits as those of such a “natural group.
1 Conf. Lydekker’s ‘ Handbook,’ p. 121 (quoted on p. 18).
32 DR. L, V. LORENZ ON THE [Jan, 14,
3. On the Specimen of the Quagga in the Imperial Museum of Natural History, Vienna. By Lupwie v. Lorenz, C.M.Z.S.
[Received November 25, 1901. ] (Text-figure 7.)
In the Zoological collection of our Museum there is a striped Equus named “ Hquus quagga,” and until recently I have always thought it was a Quagega of typical features, though the published figures of that now extinct animal are rather different. But when I visited the museums of Munich, Tring, London, Paris, and Berlin last year, I discovered that the Quaggas which I saw there were not quite in accordance with the specimen at Vienna. I noticed them to be in general of somewhat different coloration— more greyish or chocolate-brown on the upper parts, to have narrower and perhaps more numerous dark stripes separated by comparatively broader light interspaces, and, moreover, they: all appeared to be of a smaller size. When I returned to Vienna I asked my friend Marktanner (of the Museum in Graz) to photo- graph our Quagga, and I had intended to send copies of the photograph to different museums and to get others of the Quaggas there in exchange. But different circumstances prevented me from following the matter up until October last, when I had the pleasure of receiving a visit from Dr. P. L. Sclater; and one of his first questions was, what I thought about our Quagga, as it seemed to him not quite identical with other specimens of this Equus known to him. It was a great satisfaction to me that such an authority as Dr. Sclater had come to the same conclusion as I had done, and I am following his invitation in offering to the Zoological Society of London an exact description of our Quagga accompanied by one of the before-mentioned photographs. Before writing this I examined the following figures of the Quagga, which I propose to refer to as I proceed with my description :
Fig. I.—Buffon’s and Shaw’s copies of Edwards’s plate (Gleanings of Nat. Hist. i. pls. 222 & 223)', though this figure seems to me to represent rather Hquus burchelli.
Fig. I1.—Buffon’s and Schreber’s copies of Allamand’s young Quagga. (Allamand’s edition of Buffon, Suppleé- ment, v. pl. vi.)
Fig. I1I.—Geoftroy St.-Hilaire and Cuvier’s plate (Hist. Nat. Mammif. pl. 320), also reproduced by Schinz (Siiugethiere, “‘ Hqwws,” pl. v.).
Fig. IV.—Schreber’s plate (vol. vi. pl. 3174), representing the Quagga of Munich acquired by Ecklon about 1835,
1 Taken from the type of Equus quagga.
1902. ] QUAGGA OF THE VIENNA MUSEUM. 33
Fig. V.—The woodcut in Flower and Lydekker’s ‘ Animals Living and Extinct,’ p. 384, fig. 160; copied in W. L. Sclater’s ‘ Fauna of S. Africa,’ Mammals, ii. p. 295, fig. 74.
Fig. VI.—A woodcut in Brehm’s ‘ Thierleben, Saugethiere,’ Bd. ui. fig. p. 49.
Fig. VII.—Noack’s drawing (Zool. Garten, 1893, fig. p. 293), taken from the figures in the ‘ Gleanings of the Knowsley Menagerie,’ pl. liv.
Fig. VIII.—The woodcut in Lydekker’s ‘ Royal Natural History ’ (vol. ii. fig. p. 507), perhaps representing the specimen now in the British Museum.
Fig. IX.—The portrait of a Quagga’s head in Bryden’s ‘ Great and Small Game of 8. Africa,’ pl. 11. fig. 2.
Fig. X.—Copies of York’s photographs (P. Z.8.1901, 1. p. 166, fig. 47) of the Quagga in the Society’s Gardens in 1870, and two photos of the same animal kindly sent to me by Dr. Sclater.
Fig. XI,—An original photograph of the Quagga in the Museum at Tring, being the same individual as the last (no. x.).
Text-fig. 7.
The Quagga of the Vienna Museum. (From a photograph.) Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1902, Vou. I. No. ITI. 3
34 DR. L. V. LORENZ ON THE
Description of the female Quagga purchased by Ecklon, 1836 (Mus. Vindob.).
Measurements in centimetres : Total length from upper lip to
end of tail, without hair ... 300 Length of the face from
nostrils to the beginning of
PeWMANC Hance oenaaee 43 Length of the mane............ 76 From end of mane to root of
GAIN Saves Aa aan Manee sem A eeeaaas 128 anliwavhoutshangees se eeececee 40 {Bey \yatiln INEWOP scoodconoaneoosuus 80
SiG Ve vat aunt ties MH Nee DE aR 225
Ditto on the inner side ...... 15 Height at the withers......... 130 Height at the croup........ geben Lae)
Fore leg from the elbow ...... (al Hind leg from the heel loots jlenebheasn.cs es 6:5 & 6 Circumference of hoofs... 23 & 27
Coloration :
Ground - colour of upperside clay-brown on the head, creamy buff on the neck, shoulders, and back, gradually changing to buff on the flanks and thighs.
Breast, underparts, legs, and tail white. Tail with elongated hair from the root. Head, neck, back, and flanks with narrow or broad stripes of yellowish brown passing into chestnut or maroon. Back (haunches) clouded with drab. Mane in the middle dark chestnut, ornamented laterally by tufts of whitish hair, ten on each side. Along the back in continuation of the mane a dark brown stripe, having a breadth of 3 cm. on the withers, expanding to 12 cm. on the crupper, and growing again narrower towards the tail,on which it extends toa length of 12 cm., terminating with a breadth of
[Jan. 14,
_ Remarks on the Description.
Of all the Quaggas figured as above noted the authors give gene- rally smaller measurements, and the specimens examined by me were all apparently smaller.
Of the figures above cited only figure iii. comes generally near the colour of our specimen, but it is still lighter. Fig. iv. approaches it too, but is darker on the back. In fig. i. the ground-colour is pale chestnut.
The stuffed specimens seen in other museums resemble in their ground-colour fig. ii.
The stripes on the head, neck, and body are darker except those of fig. ili. Edwards's Quagga is described as with black stripes.
In figure x. this band is only to be seen on the croup; the pectoral region of the spine appears to be quite light® Figure 11. shows no dorsal band. The young Quagga of the Cape Town Museum is said to be also without this band.
1902. |
0°5 cm. only. This dorsal band is bordered on the pectoral region by longitudinal creamy spots, which become more confluent on the lumbar and sacral parts, forming at last continuous undulated lines which vary in breadth from 0-5 to 15 cm.
A ventral band, beginning with a brownish shade on the fore breast, extends as a dark brown stripe to the umbilicus: its greatest width in the middle of the breast is about 8 cm., it narrows to 2 em. on the belly.
Fetlocks with blackish rings just above the hoofs. Sars creamy, brownish at the back in the base, dark clay-colour thence to the end, extreme tips white.
Back of the nose nearly uniform clay-colour, between the nostrils dark brown ; lips whitish, chin and throat uniform chestnut.
The dark striping is as follows :— Hight narrow lines run from be- tween the eyes down to the back of the nose and up to the begin- ning of the mane ; from the middle of the front a ninth medial line runs to the back of the nose. From the eyebrows six stripes on each side pass to the top of the head. From the inner corner and lower lid of each eye three in- distinct stripes pass towards the nose. On the cheeks upwards from the corner of the mouth are five streaks more or less curved. Next to them four others on each jaw, of which the first makes an angle towards the eye, turning then upwards to the base of ear ; while the next two run more directly in this direction, and the fourth embraces the base of ear, ending behind it at the mane. The 2nd and 3rd of these stripes are divided on the left side, the 6th on this side corresponding to the 4th on the right side.
QUAGGA OF THE VIENNA MUSEUM. 35
The lateral spots or lines are well marked in figures iv., vil., and vii. only. Edwards’s figure (i.) has white along the sides of the spinal band with black spots on it.
This is said to be not present in the young specimen at Cape Town.
These black rings are not to be seen in figures 1., 11., 111., iv., and vi., besides being indistinct in others (x.), but they appear on the photo- graph (fig. xi.). White tips are not observable on fig. ix. The back of the nose is apparently dark in figures iv., Vl., Vil., Vill.
The dark stripes of the head appear very different in the various figures. In fig. i. they are few in number and very narrow, and the interspaces are broad.
3*
36 ‘DR. L. V. LORENZ ON THE
On the neck there are eight transverse bands, their respective breadths being 2, 3-5, 4°5, 5°5, 5:5, 7, 5, and 3°5 on the right; 2°5, 3, 4-5, 6, 7:5, 9, 8, 4:5 on the left side. The first six of them keep more or lessapart, while the seventh and eighth unite in front of the fore-neck. The light creamy inter- spaces on the neck are very narrow, 1 or 2 cm. only.
From the withers there run first two stripes to the front of the breast, where they join; they are rather narrow above and grow wider beneath. Then asingle stripe that might be called a ‘“ shoulder- stripe” also takes its origin from the withers, and, passing the shoulders, divides into two branches on the humeral region. Inside the angle thus formed are some irregular and less distinct short stripes, of which four or five are directed obliquely upwards and _ partly unite with three others directed downwards and backwards. On the body there are seven other distinct bands getting more obso- lete at the lower bifurcated ends, and confluent at last with the buff ground-colour of the flanks. Of these the first three connected with the longitudinal dorsal band havea breadth of from 6°5 to 8 and from 9 to 10 cm., the interspaces between them being | and 1°5 em. The fourth of these bands sends an oblique branch to the croup, and thus encloses a triangular area of which the dorsal stripe forms aside. Within this there is another broad longitudinal stripe anastomosing twice or three times with the oblique one and also with the dorsal stripe.
The triangles on both sides form
[Jan. 14,
These eight bands and the fol- lowing two, or the homologues of them, are to be recognized in most of the figures, but they are in general narrower and the inter- spaces are broader. Fig. 111. comes in this respect nearest to our Quagga, and also does the colour. The stripes on the head and neck in figs. iv. and 1x. are much darker. Edwards’s Quagga (fig. i.) shows unusually narrow black bands on the neck and broad interspaces, just the contrary to our Quagga.
The bifurcation of the shoulder- stripe is well seen in most of the figures except in fig. iv.
These stripes are not repre- sented in most of the figures.
The vertical body-stripes are different in every figure. On the whole they are narrower and more numerous, besides they do not ex- tend to the haunches. i
These oblique stripes are not to be seen in some of the figures (i11., iv., and x.), in others there are spots in their places (figs. i. and Vil.)
The saddle is wanting in figs. i.
1902.]
together a kind of saddle, as is the case in all striped horses of the burchelli-group. The fifth band takes an oblique direction through- out, running as well as the sixth over the haunches, both becoming gradually narrower at their upper ends, and not quite reaching the dorsal band.
A seventh, somewhat narrower but still distinct, although twice interrupted, stripe takes a direc- tion from the groin and goes over the haunches to the root of the tail without reaching it. Between the 6th and 7th stripe is an indistinct short band. Three or four other obliqueand gradually fading stripes are observable on the back of the haunches.
QUAGGA OF THE VIENNA MUSEUM. oe
to iv. It may be recognized on v. and vi. and on the photo (xi.), as also the bands on the quarters, but they are not seen in fig. x., which represents the same indi- vidual.
This reminds one of Hquus burchelli.
On comparing the stripes and bands of our Quagga with the pictures of the other Quaggas and with the various forms of the Zebras of the Burchell-group, there seems to me no question that the Quaggas belong to that group. Jalso have the impression that, in spite of the variability of the marking, the examination of sufficient material would result in ascertaining the existence
of homologous stripes in the group above mentioned.
From a
further careful comparison of all the different figures, and especially of the original picture of Edwards, with the stuffed specimens, or at least with photos of them, we could perhaps obtain sufficient answers to the following questions :—
(1) Is the Vienna Quagga specifically the same as Edwards’s
Quagga ?
(2) Can other so-called Quaggas (as, for instance, those of the British Museum and of the Tring Museum) be identified with Edwards’s Quagga, notwithstanding the differences pointed out so exactly by Mr. Pocock? (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xx.
p. 37).
(3) Can the Vienna Quagga be identified with the Quaggas of
London and Tring ?
To these questions I would only reply provisionally that the differences between Edwards’s picture and the Vienna, London, Tring, and other specimens are certainly more essential than the differences between the Vienna Quagga on one side and the
London, Tring, and other Quaggas on the other.
Kdwards’s
Quagga, as already remarked, much resembles Hquus burchelli in some respects—e. g., in the black stripes, well defined on the head and extremely narrow on the neck, and in the tufted tail.
As to the Vienna specimen, it is possible that its characters
38 MR. J. L, BONHOTE ON [Jan. 14,
may be merely individual, for we find among skins of Zebras from the same locality some with pure black stripes and others with brownish stripes. Besides, the transverse stripes on the body of our Quagga show a tendency to bipartition, and the oblique stripes incline to break up into blotches. There likewise remains the possibility that our specimen has been rather increased in size by the art of the taxidermist. Considering, however, that so many local forms of Equus burchelli have been distinguished during the last few years, it is by no means impossible that the Vienna specimen might be ultimately separated subspecifically from other Quaggas.
Vienna, Nov. 20th, 1901.
4, On a further Collection of Mammals made by Mr. Th. H. Lyle in Siam. By J. Lewis Bonnors, M.A.
[Received November 19, 1901.]
The following paper gives an account of a further small consign- ment of Mammals sent home by Mr. Th. H. Lyle from Siam. Although small in point of numbers it contains several specimens of considerable interest, and foremost among these is a fine example of the Siamese Hare, which proves to belong to a species not hitherto described. A specimen of Sctwrus atro- dorsalis, in immature pelage, and two specimens of Mustela flavigula form a valuable addition to the National Collection, and help considerably to the more correct understanding of their respective groups.
1. Cynoprervus spHinx (Vahl).
Vespertilio sphinw Vahl, Scrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, Ate Band, 1%* Heft, p. 123 (1797); Bonh. P. Z.S. 1900, p: 191; id. loc. cit. p. 875.
Cynopterus marginatus (Geoftr.), Flower, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 341.
a. 2. N. Chiengmai, 27th Feb., 1901.
9. MUSTELA FLAVIGULA Bodd.
Mustela flavigula Bodd. Elench. Anim. p. 88 (ex Penn.) (1785) ; Flower, P. Z.8. 1900, p. 333.
Mustela flavigula subsp. typica Bonh, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vii. p. 344 (April 1901).
a,b. &. N. Chiengmai, 28th Feb., 1901.
These two individuals closely agree with the description in my paper quoted above, with the exception that the hind-quarters could hardly be styled “very dark brown”; this apparent dis- crepancy is, however, merely due to faded pelage, for of the two specimens one is lighter than the other.
IT append the measurements taken in the flesh, as they are
~
1902.] MAMMALS FROM SIAM. 39
slightly at variance with those taken from the dried skin in my former paper :—
Head and Tail Hind foot Fa body. without hairs. (s. u.). ue Gea son 589 mm. 440 mm, 108 mm, 4 mm, fee 565 ,, 435 ,, Oe ew
3. SCIURUS CASTANEOVENTRIS GORDONI Anders.
Sciurus gordont Anders. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 140; id. Zool. Res.
Yunnan, p. 240 (1879). Sciurus castaneoventris gordont Anders., Bonh. Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vii. p. 164 (Feb. 1901). a. 3. Doi Sritepe, Chiengmai, 27th March, 1901. Dimensions in flesh. Head and body 218 mm.; tail 193; hind
foot 47; ear 21. This form has hitherto been recorded only from Upper Burma, but the present specimen agrees perfectly with examples from the
type locality.
4, ScruRusS CANICEPS Gray.
Sciurus caniceps Gray (nec Temm.), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842, p.263; Bonh. P.Z.S. 1901, p.55; id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vii. p. 271 (March 1901).
a,b,c. 629. Sawankalok, Siam, 27th Dec., 1900.
Two of these specimens are passing into the bright pelage, while the third has fully assumed it.
5, ScruRUS ATRODORSALIS Gray.
Sciurus atrodorsalis Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842, p. 263; Bonh. P.Z.8. 1901, p. 55.
a @imm. Chiengmai, Siam, 5th April, 1901.
This specimen, which is about three-fourths grown, differs from the adult in its much greyer coloration, the annulations on each hair being of a very pale grey. The colouring of the ears, however, shows a faint yellowish tinge, and down the centre of the back there isa slight trace of the dark colour characteristic of the adult. The underparts resemble those of the adult.
6. Mus concotor Blyth.
Mus concolor Blyth, J. A.S. B. xxviii. p. 295 (1859); Bonh. P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 195; Flower, loc. cit. p. 361.
a. gad. Chiengmai, Siam, 3rd April, 1901.
b. Qad. Chiengmai, Siam, 21st April, 1901.
7. Mus serpont (Blyth). Leggada jerdont Blyth, J. A.S. B. xxxii. p. 350 (1863).
a. 6 ad. Doi Sritepe, Chiengmai, 15th April, 1901. b,c. @ ad. Doi Sritepe, Chiengmai, 16th & 17th April, 1901.
40 ON MAMMALS FROM SIAM. [Jan. 14,
8. LEPUS SIAMENSIS, Sp. n.
Lepus sp. inc. Flower, P. Z.8. 1900, p. 365; Bonh. P.Z.8. 1901, p. 56.
General colour above fulvous and dark brown, the latter colour beconiing absent on the hind-quarters and flanks, where the fulvous is slightly tinged with rufous. The whole of the under- parts except the lower neck and chest pure white, the line of demarcation being sharply defined. The neck, chest, and limbs are fulvous of varying shades, the colour being deepest on the fore legs, where it is tinged with rufous, and palest on the inner sides of the hind limbs, where it becomes nearly white. Hach hair is dull white or greyish at-the base, shading into dark brown (seal-brown, Ridgw.') and having a broad subterminal fulvous (buff, Ridgw.) annulation.
On the head the fulvous becomes deeper in colour, and there is an ill-defined whitish stripe running from the nostril to the front of the eye on either side.
The ears, which are but scantily clothed with hair on their outer posterior surface, resemble on the anterior surface the general colour of the back, although the darker tint predominates. The outer anterior and posterior margins are white. At the tip the inner surface is clothed with pure fulvous hairs, while on the external surface the hairs are dark brown.
The tail is dark brown above throughout its length and white underneath, with a slight tinge of buff on the sides.
The skull resembles most nearly that of Z. peguensis, from which it differs chiefly in the muzzle being slightly broader at its base. The basioccipital bulges outwards and downwards on either side instead of having its sides parallel, thus causing the bulle to appear at first sight somewhat smaller. The skull as a whole is, moreover, rather larger. Comparing the grooves on the upper incisors with those figured in Dr. Forsyth Major’s paper (Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser. Zool. vol. vii. p. 468, 1899), it appears to be most nearly allied to Z. hainanus, although somewhat in- termediate between it and Z. dayanus. The groove in the species under consideration is moderately broad and nearly rectangular, with a small rounded process jutting out at about the centre of the outer margin.
Dimensions of type (in flesh). Head and body 435 mm.; tail 66; hind foot 95; ear 82.
Skull. Greatest length 86; breadth of palate at Ist molar 13; length Ist premolar to outer edge of incisors 27; greatest breadth of brain-case 30.
Hab. Siam.
Type. B.M.1.7.7.13. 3 ad. Chiengmai, 16th Feb., 1901.
This fine species is most nearly allied to LZ. haimanus Swinhoe, from which it is easily distinguished by its greater size and the
1 Ridgway, ‘ Nomenclature of Colours,’ Boston, 1886.
1902. | ON RHYNCHOTA FROM UGANDA. 4)
absence of a clearly defined white supra-orbital stripe. From LL. peguensis, to which it more nearly approaches in size, it differs in the fur on the back and tail being dark brown instead of black, and in the absence both of the ashy tinge on the rump and the black terminal patch on the posterior outer surface of each ear. ;
The skull of a species of Lepus sent home by Mr. Lyle in a former collection agrees with the type skull. The animal to which it belonged was unfortunately destroyed, but Mr. Lyle writes that it was a female, and the following are the measure- ments in the flesh :—Head and body 463 mm.; tail 74; hind foot 97; ear 84,
For the sake of comparison the measurements of the skulls of L. hainanus (type), L. peguensis, and the two skulls of this species are appended :—
et, | Tepws | Tepus | Zepus (type). | Stamensis.| hainanus. | peguensis. mm. mm mm. mm. Greatest length ...........:0cccc000s secs 86 89 72 85 Breadth between 1st molars ............ 13 13 il 13 Least breadth between orbits ......... 13 12 12 13 Length from 1st premolar to outer 26 27 21 25 edge of incisors. Greatest breadth of brain-case ......... 30 28 26 28 Height, crown to base of lower jaw ... 54 ee He 53 Greatest breadth of basioccipital ...... 10 11 10 9 Posterior breadth of nasals ............ 21 ce 16 18
5. On the Insects of the Order Rhynchota collected by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., in the Uganda Protec- torate. By W. L. Disrant.
[Received November 23, 1901. | (Text-figure 8.)
The few specimens of this Order collected by Sir H. H. Johnston, and by him presented to the British Museum, are principally interesting as showing that the Uganda Rhynchotal fauna and that of West Africa are practically identical. The species known only from East Africa are very few, and further knowledge may prove them still fewer. Two new species are described, one of which has a far wider distribution than the Uganda Protectorate. I have added notes to the enumeration of each species as expla- natory of its geographical dispersion,
AQ MR. W. L. DISTANT ON [Jan, 14,
HETEROPTERA. Fam. PENTATOMIDA. Subfam. ScUTELLERINA.
CRYPTACRUS COMES.
Tetyra comes Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 130. 8 (1803). Var. Dist. Ent. Monthl. Mag. xiv. p. 75 (1877).
Mt. Ruwenzori.
Resembling the variety I described from the Camaroons (supra), but with slight traces of an ochraceous subapical fascia to the scutellum. A highly variable and widely distributed species found all over tropical and subtropical Africa.
Subfam. DrnrpDorin&. CYCLOPELTA TRISTIS. Dinidor tristis Stél Hem. Afr. i, p. 212 (1864). Mts. Ruwenzori and Entebbe. A species hitherto known only from West Africa. ASPONGOPUS LIVIDUS.
Aspongopus lividus Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. p. 315 (1898).
Var. Abdomen above testaceous.
Mt. Ruwenzori.
In typical specimens described from Nyasaland the abdomen above is dark olivaceous. I can, however, discover no other differ- ential characters.
ASPONGOPUS NIGRO-VIOLACEUS.
Pentatoma nigro-violacea Pal. Beauv. Ins, p. 83, Hem. pl. 7. fig. 4 (1805); Dist. Ent. Month. Mag. xv. p. 10 (1878).
Mt. Ruwenzori. A species hitherto recorded only from West Africa.
Fam. COREID A, Subfam. Micrin az. ANOPLOCNEMIS TRISTATOR.
Lygeus tristator Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 206 (1803).
Mt. Ruwenzori. A West-African species.
Fam. PYRRHOCORIDA. Subfam. PyrrHocoRIn@&.
ODONTOPUS NOTABILIS, sp. n. Ochraceous ; antenne black; head, basal joint and base of
1902. ] RHYNCHOTA FROM UGANDA. 43
second joint of antennee, and legs reddish ochraceous ; scutellum, base of clavus, a round spot near apex of corium, discal area of prosternum, anterior areas of meso- and metasterna, a lateral basal spot behind eyes, two discal transverse lines to pronotum (one curved near anterior margin the other straight near centre), and abdominal segmental incisures (not extending to lateral margins and concolorous on disk), black.
Text-fig. 8.
Odontopus notabilis.
First joint of antenne with a few distinct hairs near base and some hairs at apices of second and third joints, third joint shortest, second and fourth joints subequal in length; corium and clavus very thickly, finely, and obscurely punctate; the black base of clavus coarsely punctate.
Long. 16 to 22 mm.
Entebbe.—The British Museum also possesses specimens from Kast Central Africa (G@. F. Scott Elliot); Kavala Island, Lake Tanganyika (4. Carson), and Angola.
SERICOCORIS JOHNSTONI, Sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs ochraceous : lateral margins of pronotum, the corium, and lateral margins of sternum pale purplish antennz, central longitudinal fascia and basal margin to head, the margins of the anterior area of pro- notum, basal margin of scutellum, rostrum, tibie, tarsi, and margins of sternal segments, black; membrane pale brownish. Pronotal margins somewhat strongly reflexed ; corium and clavus thickly punctate.
Long. 14 mm.
Entebbe.
a4 DR. A. G, BUTLER ON [Jan. 14,
Fam. REDUVIID.
Subfam. ACANTHASPINS, PLATYMERIS RHADAMANTHUS. Platymeris rhadamanthus Gerst. in y. d. Deckens’s Reise, iii. (2) p. 419, pl. xvii. fig. 8 (1873). Baringo, 4000 ft. A species known only from East Africa.
HOMOPTERA.
Fam. C1IcADIDS. , PLATYPLEURA RUTHERFORDI. ue» Platypleura rutherfordi Dist. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (5) xi. p. 173, pl. ii. fig. D (1883). Entebbe.
A species originally described from West Africa, and since received from Mashonaland.
Fam. CERCOPIDS.
Subfam. APHROPHORIN. PTYELUS FLAVESCENS. 2 Tettigonia jlavescens Fabr. Ent. Syst. iv. p. 24. 30 (1794). Entebbe.
A most variable species distributed over the greater part of tropical and subtropical Africa.
6. On two Collections of Lepidoptera made by Sir Harry Johnston, K.C.B., in the Uganda Protectorate during the year 1900. By Arruur G. Burtsr, Ph.D., F.LS., F.ZS., &. ; Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological De- partment, British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
[Received November 12, 1901.] (Plate I.*)
The two collections of which the following is a list were obtained at Entebbe, Port Alice, Port Ugowe, Busiro; and from Ruwenzori, Toro, and the Congo forest, respectively. The first consignment consisted chiefly of well-known and widely distributed forms ; but the second not only included a good sprinkling of rarities, of species new to the Museum Collection, and even of undescribed species, but was especially interesting from the strange com- mingling of Eastern and Western types which it contained.
1 For explanation of the Plate, see p. 51.
1h is) ALCO poll I, teak IL,
Horacelimght delet ith West Newman chromo.
LEP LOOP TERRA FROM WGAN DA.
1902.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM UGANDA. 45
Among the rare species, Melinda mercedonia, Monotrichtis saussuret, Ypthima albida, Charaxes bipunctatus, Harma hobarti, Diestogyna amaranta, Neptis wicomedes, Acreea toruna, Acrea orinata, Acrea oreas, Terias punctinotata $, Belenois solilucis, Belenois raffrayi, Papilio lormieri, and Celenorrhinus opalinus 2 are worth special note. The new species are Harma johnston, Pseudathyma plutonica, and Aphneus hollandi: there is also a new moth.
The following is a list of the species :—
1. Amauris niavius Linn. Toro, June 16th.
2. is enceladus Brown. 5 ns
3. % albimaculatus Butl. _,, Ms
4. Melinda mercedonia Karsch. ,, -
5. Tirwmala petiverana Doubl. .
6. Monotrichtis perspicua Trim. Ruwenzori, 5000 ft., Sept.
(le 44 safitza var. campina Auriv. Ruwenzori ,4200 ft., Sept.
8. saussuret Dewitz. Ruwenzori, 000 ft., Sept.
ws 2G pele 6 granulosa Butl. me bs aS
10. Fs albida Butl. -
11. Charaxes numenes Hewits. Entebbe, April 30th.
os tiridates Fabr. Toro, June.
13. BS bipunctatus Roths. ,,
14. Precis boopis Trim. Port Ugowe, 20th Feb. & 23rd J uly.
la, —y, «| clea Cram. . 20th & 21st Feb.
16. ,, cebrene Trim. oe 20th & 22nd Feb.
7. 4, westermanni Westw. Toro, June.
» terea Drury. Entebbe, April 20th.
19. 4, -yregorw Butl. Toro, June 16th.
20. chorimene Guér. Port Ugowe, April 21st & 22nd.
2 Pr. oto goniomorpha temora Feld. Tor o, June 16th.
22. Hypolimnas salmacis var. Drury. Congo forest, July 16th.
23. a3 misippus Linn. Port Alice, 23rd March.
24. Chloropea lucretia Cram. Toro, June.
25. Harma johnstoni Butl. Toro, June 16th.
26. - cents Drury. Congo forest, July 4th.
27. + ,, hobarti Butl. Toro, June 16th.
28. ,, aramis Hewits. Congo Forest, July 16th.
29. theobene Doubl. = ~
30. Orenis occidentalium Mab. Busiro, June2nd; Toro, June 16th.
31. ,, boisduvalia Wilgr. as M
32. Huphedra eleus vav., Drury. Congo forest, J uly.
30. M imanum vain. ., Butl. Toro, June; Congo forest, : July 16th.
34. 7 cypetina Stgr. Congo forest, July 16th.
35. Bs spatiosa var., Mab. ‘Toro, June.
36. Aterica galene Brown. Congo forest, July 16th.
37. Cynandra opis Drury.
38. Huryphene abesa Hewits.
7 ” ”? 99
DR. A. G. BUTLER ON [Jan. 14,
. Diestogyna amaranta Karsch. 2, Toro, June 16th; ¢, Congo
forest, July 16th. p. 2 (9 near felicia). Congo forest, July 16th.
E Bywdatiioens plutonica Butl. Toro, June.
. Kallima rumia Westw. Toro, June 16th.
. Hurytela hyarba Fabr. Busiro, 5050 ft., June 2nd.
. Ergolis enotrea Cram. Toro, June 16th.
. Catuna crithea Drury. _,, ns
. Neptis nicomedes Hewits. Busiro, 5500 ft., June 2nd.
» melicerta Drury. Congo forest, July 16th.
| Atella phalantha Drury. Port Alice, March 20th ; Entebbe,
April 30th.
. Acreaztoruna 2, Gr.-Sm. Toro, June 16th.
,, alicia Sharpe. %s 3 » uvui Gr.-Sm. = $ » vinidia Hewits. F ee » serend, var. rougetia Guér. Port Ugowe, Feb. 20th. - 20980000, var. lycia Fabr. Entebbe, April 20th. ,» onerata Trim. Port Ugowe, Feb. 20th & 22nd. » ndatalica, var. dissociata Gr.-Sm. Ruwenzori, 7000 ft., Sept. » setes, var. menippe Drury. Entebbe, March 20th & April 30th. » orinata Q Oberth. Entebbe, April 30th. oreas Sharpe. Toro, June 16th.
; Megalopalpus 2 zymna Westw. Congo forest, July 16th. . Zeltus? antifaunus Hewits. . Aphneus hollandi 3 Butl. . Cacyreus lingeus Cram. ‘Toro, June 16th.
. Azanus natalensis Trim.
. Zizera antanossa Mab. Port Ugowe, Feb. 22nd.
. Vychitona ies var. aleesta Cram. Entebbe, April 30th.
oP) oP
» eummaculata Auriv. Toro, June 16th.
; Colias electo, var. edusa Fabr. Toro, June. . Terias brigitta, var. zoe Hopft. Port Ugowe, Feb. 21st & 22nd.
» boisduvaliana Mab. ¥s s » punctinotata § Butl. Toro, June.
Catopsilia florella Fabr. Port Ugowe, Feb. 21st & 23rd.
. Belenois solilucis Butl. | Toro, June 16th. eS calypso var. , Drury. - instabilis Butl. ° Port Ugowe, Feb. 20th; Toro, June 16th. » formosa Butl. Toro, June 16th. - severina var. infida Butl. Port Ugowe, Feb. 20th to 23rd. 3 mesentina Cram. Port Ugowe, Feb. 20th to 23rd. » vraffrayi Oberth. Toro, July 16th. . Pinacopteryx liliana Gr.-Sm. Port Ugowe, Feb. 23rd.
. Leuceronia argia 2, var. idotea Boisd. Congo forest, July.
a pharis 3, var., Boisd. Toro, June.
1902. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM UGANDA. 47
82. Hronia dilatata Butl. Port Ugowe, Feb. 23rd. 83. Papilio policenes Cram. Port Alice, March 20th. 84. », demodocus Esper. Entebbe, April 30th; Toro
June 16th. 85. » lormiert Dist. ‘Toro, June. 86. Hretis perpaupera Holl. Toro, June 16th. 87. Celenorrhinus opalinus 2 Butl. ,, y
88. Baoris inconspicua Bertol. Entebbe, April 30th.
New Species, ce. HARMA JOHNSTONI, sp. n. (Plate I. figs. 4, 5.)
Nearly related to H. herminia of Grose-Smith ; larger, with almost the same pattern: the male paler and more olivaceous at base; the pale yellow belt of the secondaries much wider; the blackish macular belt across the disk of the wings rather wider on the primaries and with its inner edge on the secondaries acutely zigzag; the external area less ochreous; the irregular black submarginal line better defined and with long denticles pointing outwards on the folds between the nervures; the yellow lunate band between this line and the discal belt considerably narrowed and partly obscured by dark brown; the external border dark brown, only interrupted by pale yellow patches on the subcostal interspaces in the secondaries, but in the primaries interrupted by small patches excepting on the lower radial interspace: on the under surface the pattern is similar to that of H. herminia, but the colouring is less rosy, greyer, the enclosed irregular band limited externally by the straight central line is narrower and becomes uniform with the ground-colour below the subcostal vein. Expanse of wings 72 mm.
The female has the general pattern above of what I regard as H. herminia Q (an insect nearly related to H. capella 92); the primaries are, however, much more produced at apex and the secondaries at anal angle; the basal area of the wings is much more broadly suffused with ferruginous along the veins, the central blackish band on the secondaries is almost obliterated, only clearly discernible towards the costa, but is followed by a series of indistinctly whitish-edged grey lunules followed by white dots, the submarginal irregular black line being indistinct excepting for the denticles on the folds between the veins: on the under surface, as in the supposed female of H. herminia, the pattern and general colouring nearly approach those of H. lurida 2 , but with less white on the primaries and with the central line much narrower and red-brown rather than brick-red. Expanse of wings 89 mm.
Toro, 16th June, 1900.
DIEsTOGYNA AMARANTA Karsch. (Plate I. figs. 2, 3.)
9. Dark olive-brown above, irrorated with pale ochreous and banded with the same colour; discoidal cell of primaries with
48 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON [Jan. 14,
similar pale-bordered but indistinct markings; a discal increasing oblique belt slightly curved, with sinuated inner edge and diffused outer edge from subcostal to first median vein, from first median vein to inner margin abruptly narrowed and of equal width, slanting obliquely inwards; a chain-like double series of opposed lunules parallel to outer margin; outer border rather paler (because more densely irrorated with pale ochreous) than the rest of the wing: secondaries crossed from just before middle by four pale ochreous bands, the first slightly irregular and sharply defined internally, diffused externally, continuing the discal belt of the primaries; the second and third continuing the chain-like series of the primaries, the fourth submarginal, less defined than the others, undulated ; outer border as in primaries. Wings below altogether paler than in the male, greyer, the discal belt of upper surface well defined, but pinky whitish on the secondaries ; the basal area of these wings irrorated with pearl-grey indicating two vague subbasal bands; the chain-like belt pearl-grey on both wings and with white points on the upper internal lunules of the primaries and the lower internal lunules of the secondaries. Expanse of wings 56 mm.
Toro, June 16th.
Prof, Aurivillius has pointed out that the female figured by Karsch does not belong to this species and has named it D. karscha.
A second female similarly coloured is in the collection; but, without the male, it would be rash to name it: in pattern it is not unlike D. felicia, but it is a much shorter-winged insect.
PSEUDATHYMA PLUTONICA, sp. n. (Plate I. fig. 6.)
Allied to P. sibyllina, but smaller, shorter in wing, the primaries with much less sinuous outer margin, the secondaries rounded, not produced at anal angle; the discal belt of the primaries forming three patches, the first three divisions being much shorter than in P. sibyllina; the belt of the secondaries constricted towards costa and not deeply indented externally; the inner submarginal line only white in the centre: on the under surface the markings on the basal area, excepting a costal patch on the secondaries, suffused. Expanse of wings 42 mm.
Toro, in June.
ACR#A ORINATA Oberthiir. (Plate I. fig. 1.)
@. This is the largest female of the group yet described, and much more nearly resembles the male of A. parrhasia than any- thing else: the primaries show a pinky-white, semitransparent, oblique, trifid bar beyond the cell in continuation of the discal tawny belt, and the basal area of the secondaries is almost wholly black: on the under surface this sex chiefly differs from A. orinata S$ in showing a diffused whitish patch beyond the cell of primaries. Expanse of wings 70 mm.
Entebbe, April 30th.
1902. } LEPIDOPTERA FROM UGANDA. 49
I once supposed that A. orinata would prove to be a variety of A. oppidia $, and Prof. Aurivillius believed it to be a form of A, orina, but we were both wrong; it is a good distinct species.
APHNEUS HOLLANDI, sp. n. (Plate I. fig. 7.)
3. Nearly allied to A. orcas; but the metallic colouring of the upper surface more brilliant and rather emerald-green than greenish blue; the black cell-spots on the primaries are consider- ably larger and the apical area is black with scarcely a trace of metallic scaling, the subapical series of spots (of which only the two uppermost are clearly visible) reduced to a few metallic scales; on the secondaries the metallic patch extends closer to the outer margin, the apical area is browner, and the marginal spot between the tails is ochreous instead of red: on the under surface the differences are much more marked; the ground-colour of the primaries is of a palish earthy brown with the silver markings bordered with deep maroon; the arrangement similar to that in A. orcas, but the short band at end of cell truncated in front and gradually narrowing backwards; no submarginal silver spots ; the oblique streak towards external angle very narrow; secondaries with the ground-colour yellowish stone-colour suffused with grey (or sordid) towards base and apex; the silver markings bordered with ferruginous red; the arrangement of these markings is similar to that in A. orcas, but the submarginal series is placed upon a ferruginous band and is almost obliterated excepting at anal angle; the oblique internal bar above the latter is curved, so as almost to join the broad discal belt, and the two silver spots above it are greatly reduced in size; the anal lobe is much paler in colouring—ochreous with a quadrate central ferruginous patch ; the fringe brown where it is black in 4.orcas. Expanse of wings 39 mm. i
Congo forest, July 16th, 1900.
I have named this beautiful little butterfly in honour of my friend Dr. W. J. Holland of Pittsburg, whose admirable photo- graphic plate in the ‘Entomological News’ for 1893 has greatly facilitated the identification of the species of Aphneus.
BELENOIS CALYPSO Drury.
Var. 6. The secondaries white below, with the usual markings, but the orange streaks at base and apex of costa (which are usually ill-defined) and a dash at the base of the submedian vein sharply defined in deep orange (more so than in B. dentigera).
Prof. Aurivillius correctly states that B. agylla is synonymous with B. solilucis (not with B.ianthe). Until I saw the specimens in the present collection, I was not aware that the border of the primaries was ever so wide in BS, solilucis as is shown in ' Rogenhofer’s figure, and I naturally supposed the regularity of the border in that figure to be due to inaccurate drawing.
» Proc, Zoou. Soc,—1902, Vou. I. No, IV. 4
50 ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM UGANDA. [Jan, 14,
BELENOIS FORMOSA Butl.
The intermediate phase of this species from Toro differs from the wet phase in the smaller and partly obliterated white spots in the apical border of the primaries; and on the under surface in the pale earthy-brown subapical streak and veins on the primaries and the brown veins and markings on the secondaries. The dry phase (which we obtained from the Crowley collection) is still less spotted on the apical area of the primaries above, has the apical area of these wings below and the secondaries of a whity-brownish tint with still paler brown markings than the intermediate phase.
3, Toro (Sir H. Johnston); 3 3, Mt. Elgon (7. J. Jackson).
Among the Lepidoptera Heterocera there was nothing of interest with the exception of a very remarkable new genus of Sesiide, which Sir George Hampson has asked me to describe.
CRYPTOMIMA, gen. nov.
Allied to Ceratocorema. Wings for the greater part opaque, brilliantly metallic: primaries narrow, elongated, the costa nearly straight to 3, then gradually deflexed to apex, which is moderately acute; outer margin very oblique, slightly convex, passing gradually into inner margin, which is slightly concave almost to the base: secondaries with the costal margin nearly straight to apex, the apex moderately defined, the outer margin slightly arched to first median branch and thence nearly straight to anal angle; abdominal margin sinuous, widest in the centre. The neuration may be characterized by veins 7 & 8 of the primaries being emitted from a long footstalk; vein 4 of the secondaries absent. Body smooth and shining; the antenne simple; palpi rather slender, elongated, second joint upturned, slightly curved, third joint porrected at an oblique angle, spine-like. Front legs with tibie coarsely fringed below; second pair fringed externally, the upper end of the joints with the fringe projecting, two well- developed unequal spurs ; third pair smooth, with two long unequal spurs beyond the middle and two below the end of the tibize, the latter joints and the tarsi coarsely setose: abdomen with a long densely scaled process with naked extremity from the dorsal surface of the terminal joint, resembling the ovipositor in certain /ehneu- monide ; vulva tufted.
CRYPTOMIMA HAMPSONI, sp. n. (Plate I. fig. 8.)
Wings above steel-blue glossed with green, brilliantly metallic : primaries with a small bifid subbasal patch divided by the median vein; end of cell and median vein blackish blue; beyond the cell a hyaline belt brilliantly shot with golden-green from near costa to near external angle, slightly increasing in width from front to back of wing: secondaries with the basal two-sevenths hyaline crossed by steel-glossed black veins. Body above steel-black,
1902. | THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THH MENAGERIE, 51
slightly purplish; eyes red-brown; face opaline whity brown; palpi whity brown, second joint with opaline white scales ; pectus and legs steel-blue; terminal joints of hind tarsi whitish below ; venter nacreous, the base broadly whitish followed by a still broader dull steel-blue band, beyond this a second whitish band or patch and then a second steel-blue band ; anal fringes ochraceous and smoky black. Expanse of wings 35 mm.
Toro, June 16th, 1900.
I have named this remarkable insect in honour of my colleague, Sir George Hampson, Bart., who is engaged upon a complete Catalogue and Revision of the African Lepidoptera Heterocera.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Acrea orinata &, p. 48. . Diestogyna amaranta 3, p. 47. - 47,
29 22 2 3 . Harma johnstoni 8, p. 47.
” ” » PD. 47. . Pseudathyma plutonica 6, p. 48. . Aphneus hollandi 6, p. 49. . Cryptomima hampsoni 2, p. 50.
COT > OV GO LO
February 4, 1902.
Prof, G. B. Howss, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1902 :—
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January were 87 in number. Of these 32 were acquired by presentation and 3 by purchase, 47 were received on deposit, 4 were born in the Menagerie, and 1 was received in exchange. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 168.
Amongst the additions attention may be specially directed to :—
1. A female White-tailed Gnu (Connochetes gw), born in the Menagerie on January 10th, from one of the females presented by Mr. C. D. Rudd, F.Z.S., in August 1901.
2. Nine Pheasant-tailed Jacanas (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) from India, presented-by My. Frank Finn, F.Z.S8., on January 11th.
This peculiar bird is new to our collection, and we are greatly obliged to Mr. Finn for sending us the specimens, as also to My. Knifton, of the P. & O. s.s. ‘ Malta,’ under whose care they
were placed during the voyage home.
3. Three Red River-Hogs (Potamocherus penicillatus), born in the Menagerie on January 27th.
The breeding of the Red River-Hog in captivity is a noticeable
4x
52 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON A GIRAFFE. [Feb. 4,
event, but it has already occurred on two previous occasions in the Society’s Menagerie (cf. P. Z.S. 1861, p. 62, pl. xii.).
Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., laid before the Meeting the neck- vertebre of a young male Giraffe (Camelopardalis giraffa) which had died in the Society’s Gardens on Jan. 8th, and made the following remarks :—
It will be remembered that this animal in life showed a per- manent bend in the neck, which was slight and hardly noticeable at the time of its arrival, but increased greatly before the time of its death. After death the neck-vertebre were carefully cleaned and have revealed the causes of this bend, which undoubtedly pressed upon the spinal cord. There was no tumour of any kind, bony or otherwise, the existence of which might possibly have been presupposed from the external appearance of the neck. The bend in the neck was in fact related to the following condition of the cervical vertebre.
The vertebre chiefly affected—but, as will be seen presently, not the only ones affected—are the fourth and fifth. These two vertebre are in the first place firmly ankylosed together so as to be perfectly immovable the one upon the other. The bend occurs in this region, and is produced by these two vertebree which lie in relation to each other at an angle of nearly 90°. This bend is due to an overgrowth on one side of these vertebre, the left, and a cessation of growth on the other side. This overgrowth mainly concerns, so far as I can make out, the epiphyses of the vertebre in question. The general appearance produced is that both vertebre are shorter in relation to the adjacent vertebre than the normal. I have observed that the fourth and fifth vertebre are the two which have been mainly affected. Of these the fourth is more altered than the fifth. The neural spine of the fourth vertebra is curved towards the left in relation to the curvature of the whole vertebra; that is to say, the convex border of the curve is on the left side. In addition to this the spine itself is bent over to the opposite side, 7. e. to the right, and forms a cavity deep enough to hide the first finger. Such a bending of the vertebral spine does not occur in the case of the fifth vertebra.
It is interesting to notice that the adjacent vertebre have made an attempt, so to speak, to rectify the curvature caused by the injury to the fourth and fifth vertebre. This state of affairs is naturally seen in the most marked degree in the two vertebree immediately adjacent to those which have been injured. Particularly is this the case with the third vertebra. This vertebra is bent, but in the opposite direction to the fourth; it is the left side which is concave. The spine too is curved in the same direction, and there is a slight concavity formed in the same way by a bending over of the spine. This, however, lies on the left, side and not on the right as is the case with the fourth vertebra. Even the axis vertebra is slightly asymmetrical, and a
1902. | MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON A GIRAFFE. 53
Text-fig. 9.
Cervical vertebrze of a Giraffe. Neck, showing cervical vertebrae in situ; dorsal aspect. At., atlas; B, overgrowth of fifth vertebra; C. vIt., seventh cervical vertebra.
54. PROF. W. B, BENHAM ON THE OSTEOLOGY [Feb. 4,
careful examination of the posterior half of the atlas shows that it is not perfectly symmetrical. The sixth vertebra is distinctly asymmetrical, but the seventh has retained its normal symmetry.
The drawing exhibited (text-fig. 9, p. 53) illustrates the facts that have been dealt with.
Dr. Chalmers Mitchell, F.Z.S., read, on behalf of Mr. EH. Degen, a paper entitled “‘ Ecdysis, as Morphological Evidence of the original Tetradactyle Feathering of the Bird’s Fore-limb, based specially on the Perennial Moult of Gymnorhina tibicen.” The material on which the paper was based consisted of a large series of specimens of the Gymnorhina obtained at regular intervals throughout the moulting-period, and the author had thus been able to give a very complete account of the perennial replacement of the feathers, avoiding the errors due to observations on the altered habits as produced by captivity. The author showed that the moulting of the wing-feathers took place in definite groups, and indicated a composite origin of the modern feathering. He thought that the new facts brought forward strengthened his already published theory of the wing-feathers being derived from the feathers of a four-fingered manus. Incidentally he suggested that the eutaxy of the Passeres was essentially different from that of such primitive birds as the Galline.
This Memoir will be published in full in the Society's ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. Notes on the Osteology of the Short-nosed Sperm-Whale. By W. Buaxtanp Bznnam, D.Sc., M.A., F.ZS., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago, New
Zealand. [Received November 8, 1901. ]
(Plates II.-IV.")
A specimen of the Short-nosed Sperm-Whale (Cogia breviceps) | came into my possession in 1900, and I have already communicated to the Society some remarks on certain of the viscera*. I now wish to offer some notes on the skeleton.
The animal, a male measuring 8 ft. 9 inches, had been cast ashore on the sandy beach at Parakanui, Otago; and though it_had been a good deal cut about, I was able to obtain the entire_skeleton, together. with the cartilaginous portions of such structures as the hyoid, sternum, and limbs: these were put through the gelatino- glycerine process without any previous separation from the bones,
1 For explanation of the Plates, see p. 62. 2 See P. Z. 8. 1901, vol. ii. p. 107.
IPA. Ss, IO a) oll Lei,
Parker & West imp.
MP. Parker lith.
OS PBOLOEG On CO Gila.
dey An Ss I Ore rs syaolla, VE JUNE,
~~
MP. Parker lith \ Parker d& West imp. OSLBOLOEGY OF COGIA.
IPL AS), Wea, rol Ie NG
MP. Parker lith. Parker d West imp. OSTHOLOGY OF COGIA:
1902. ] OF THE SHORT-NOSED SPERM-WHALE. 55
and are thus preserved in a natural condition, There is one bone upon which some doubt must still be expressed, viz. the pelvis. Wall (1) describes and figures this structure as consisting of two pairs of more or less circular or oval plate-like bones, which he arranges in a transverse row—an inner smaller and an outer larger bone on each side; the bones are very unlike the pelvic bones of other Odontocetes, and as they were found in the sand, it is within the bounds of possibility that the identification is incorrect,
I searched the Parakanui carcase carefully for the pelvis: I removed the penis and found no bone in connection with it, and I feel quite certain that no bone existed, for the maceration was most carefully carried out, and the contents of the macerating-tube were sifted, so that even the cartilaginous epiphyses of the larger ribs were recovered; if there had been bones of the size and shape described by Wall, they could not have been overlooked.
The Axial Skeleton.
The total length of the dried skeleton, when the bones were laid out, in contact, is 2°39 metres (7. e. 7 ft. 114 inches), of which the skull measures 0°39 m. (153 inches) and the vertebral column 2°00 m. (6 ft. 8 inches). These measurements do not allow for the intervertebral discs. I have not deemed it necessary to give an account of the skull, as it has been adequately described and figured by Owen (2), and more recently by Beneden & Gervais (5). There is, however, one point to which I will refer, as it seems to have escaped the notice of previous authors.
At the tip of each premaxilla is a short triangular calcification— apparently not bone, but calcified cartilage, for it differs consider- ably from bone, both in colour and texture (Pl. II. fig. 1, X). Each of these ‘“sclerites,” or premaxillary nodules as they may be termed, is grooved along its lower surface, and in this groove lay the base of the single tooth of the upper jaw. ‘This groove is in line with that on the maxillary bone, which is continued backwards as a canal, to join the infra-orbital canal.
The premaxillary nodule is not indicated in Owen’s figure, in which the upper tooth is placed in the anterior end of the maxillary groove, and not on the premaxilla at all,
I have not seen the figure given in Van Beneden & Gervais’s work, but no mention of the nodule occurs in the text : indeed, these authors express some doubt as to the existence of the upper teeth (p. 349). In a second skull in the Dunedin Museum, belonging to an older specimen, obtained from Napier, in the North Island, this premaxillary nodule does not exist; nor is there any sign that it has fused with the premaxillary bone, for the form of the latter and its relations to the maxilla are precisely the same as in the Parakanui skull, if the nodule be removed. No doubt this nodule remains separable from the bone, and hence the absence of the upper teeth in most of the skulls of Cogia.
56 PROF. W. B. BENHAM ON THE OSTEOLOGY [ Feb. 4,
In the lower jaw of my specimen there are 13 teeth on each side; but in the Napier skull I find 15. The former is the number given by Wall and Krefft (3); the latter number is attributed to this whale by de Blainville and by Van Beneden & Gervais; while Flower & Lydekker, in their text-book on the Mammalia (first edition), give the number as from “9 to 12.”
The Vertebral Column.
Turning to the vertebral column, there are, in addition to the cervical mass of seven fused vertebre, in which all trace of the separate vertebre is absent, except of the Ist, 2nd, and (th, 46 free vertebre, of which 13 are thoracic, 9 are lumbar, 23 are caudal, of which the anterior 13 bear chevron-bones. In this enumeration I have followed Flower (on Physeter) in regarding as the first caudal that vertebra which carries at its hinder end the first chevron.
It may be useful to give a summary of the formula of the free vertebre according to previous authors’.
aoe Mo: of Thoracic. | Lumbar.| Caudal. | Chevrons. | | IVa eevee asec 44 14 9 21 | 13 Von Haast... A3 12 Thal 20 | 8 iKeretitee. cone: 48 13 9 20 eo v. Beneden | | 2 | = oiellameaea & Gervais } : ; 48 Sane: | :
With regard to the number of thoracic vertebre, there thus appears from the accounts to be some slight discrepancy. Von Haast has already pointed out that the total number of vertebre “52.” given by Wall, is due to an error in addition of the constituent vertebre. Van Beneden & Gervais state (p. 351) that “whereas Wall describes 14 thoracic vertebre and 14 pairs of ribs *, we only count 13 on our figure.” They suggest that perhaps the small 14th rib, being free and independent of the vertebral column, had disappeared during the preparation of the skeleton (C. macleayi), and they found only 13 thoracics in the Japanese specimens described on p. 515.
In the Parakanui skeleton there are only 12 pairs of complete ribs articulated with the vertebre; but amongst the debris of the macerating-pan I found a small bone (Pl. II. figs. 2, 3), measuring only 37 mm. in length by 9°5 mm. in greatest breadth.
1 Flower & Lydekker give C. 7; Th.18 or 14; L.+C. 30: total 50 or 51. 2 Wall found only the ribs of the right side.
1902.] OF THE SHORT-NOSED SPERM-WHALE. 57
The two ends are rough and evidently had cartilaginous con- tinuations. One end is broader than the other, and is apparently the lower extremity : one surface is flat, and this I take to be the external surface; the other is very convex from side to side (see Pl. II. fig. 2, @), meeting the flat surface in a more or less sharp edge; one edge, the anterior, being much sharper than the other.
The general form of this little bone agrees very closely with the shape of that region of the 12th rib just distal of the curvature; here the outer surface is flat and the inner surface convex, the outline of a transverse section being (as shown in Pl. II. fig. 2, a) similar to that of the above small bone.
Further, I discovered a narrow, curved cartilage, four inches (100 mm.) in length, pointed at one end, truncated and slightly excavated at the broader end, which fitted on to the broad end of the small bone. There is no doubt in my mind but that this bone and cartilage constitute part, and the greater part, of the 13th rib of the left side ; the upper end of which must have been connected to the 13th thoracic vertebra: the connection was probably by means of cartilage, for this narrower upper end of the bone is rough and convex.
On re-examining this vertebra, I noticed that the end of the transverse process is similar to that of the 12th, and unlike that of the succeeding vertebra, in that it hasa small articular surface on the left side, but none on the right side.
We have here, I think, an explanation of the discrepancy as to the number of thoracic vertebra; for, except in a very carefully macerated skeleton, this little bone would undoubtedly be over- looked ; and in skeletons lying on the shore there is little likelihood of this last rib being found. Wall’s figure, however, is erroneous in that he places the last rib (the 14th according to his enumeration) in line with the lower end of the preceding ; but from the form of the bone and its resemblance to that part of the preceding rib, I think that it lay higher up, in the position indicated in PI. II. fig. 2, with a long strip of cartilage below, and a shorter cartilage (which I did not succeed in recovering) above.
In Wall’s specimen this last small rib measured 13 inches, and the preceding rib 114 inches. Krefft, too, notes that the last rib, the 13th, is but 4 inches in length, whilst the preceding is 12 inches. It is not stated whether the measurement of the rib was taken along the curve, or in a straight line from the capitulum to the free end, but presumably it was in the former manner.
In my specimen the 12th rib is 9°6 inches (235 mm.) along the outer curve, or in a straight line 83 inches (215 mm.), and the bony part of the 13th rib is 14 inches (37 mm.). I estimate that the total length of this rib, with both upper and lower cartilages, was about 8 inches (200 mm.).
We may then conclude that in Cogia there are 13 thoracic
vertebree, with 12 pairs of complete ribs articulating with the s
98 PROF. W. B. BENHAM ON THE OSTEOLOGY | Feb. 4,
column, and that the last (13th) rib is imperfectly ossified and that the bone does not reach up to its vertebra, except possibly in very old individuals.
The Sternum.
As far as I have been able to discover, the sternum of this whale has not yet received an adequate description. It was only partially recovered by Wall, who gives but a short account of the imperfect bone, while it is not referred to either by von Haast (4) nor by Van Beneden & Gervais.
In the Parakanui specimen the sternum (PI. III. fig. 4) consists of three sternebre; the first and second formed of a single bone apiece, the last of a pair of small bones. Hach sternebra is capped by cartilage at each end, and the posterior end is bifid.
The anterior end of the sternum is bent slightly upwards, but otherwise the bones are flat; the thickness increases from the anterior end, where it is 8 mm., to the hinder end, which is 13 mm. in depth. The first two sternebre have rounded lateral margins, while this margin, in the case of last pair of bones, is an abrupt slope downwards and outwards from the dorsal surface, with a sharp but obtuse upper and a sharper acute lower edge— the ventral surface of this last sternebra being wider than the dorsal surface.
There are four cartilaginous sternal ribs, measuring 90, 75, 60, and 30 mm. respectively.
The following measurements were made :—
miliim. Total length, including cartilage.....................06- 260 Greatestibresd thy. kel tits Meena aman see cattenimecs 155 Weastibreadtin 7.2 ONt, Ae CAN, oie SR ne 45 Length of the first bony sternebra* along the lower SUTAcent, EN ra we ene cee Ree einen eee 90 Greatestibreadtht Ok Ie, it a Ne Le Le al eee 100 iBreadthvat posterionrendis..ch rere ener eee ence eee ek 60 Thickness (dorso-ventrally) in middle.................. 10 Length of second bony sternebra ..............0ee ee 76 breadth at anterior Onde funwecsessescepeciae meee: 54 Get CMMI CULC Se athe cana eae Raw ee ni tana en naar oee 43 wa Rab MOSLELIOL CRO iiss. cace acon aehcere cece ite 51 AMAT CEM OSSIAN OER cat ce sere sderaune dee team cme a tcate deste 12 Length of each ossicle of the 3rd sternebra ......... 3 Greatest biteadtii' |, ORE es ONS sin con nnce eee meea ts 20 MWe Kia CSS ie Pet Ee eA ees tase tenet ae aes ete oe 13
The Hyord. The hyoid is very briefly referred to by Wall, and rather more fully described (with a figure) by Van Beneden & Gervais.
1 Since the cartilages are only exceptionally preserved, the measurements of the bones are also given.
1902.] OF THE SHORT-NOSED SPERM-WHALE. 59
In the present specimen (see Pl. III. fig. 5) the bones and cartilage were uninjured.
The basihyal is a flat, irregularly circular bone, notched in the middle line posteriorly, and with a pair of slight prominences at the anterior end, separated only by a shallow furrow; each of these prominences bears a small tetrahedral cartilage, which evidently correspond to the bony projections seen in Physeter, but which in Cogia do not appear to ossify, for they are unrepresented in V. Beneden’s figure.
The anterior cornu consists of two segments, viz.: a short proximal, curved cartilage, circular in section, representing the ceratohyal; and a much longer distal region, the middle of which ossifies to form the cylindrical stylohyal bone. The posterior cornu, as in Physeter, is a broad plate of cartilage, in the midst of which is a more or less circular flat bone—the thyrohyal bone. This posterior cornu is not segmented from the basihyal, the cartilage being perfectly continuous.
Measurements. Basihyal bone : -millim. Crreatest toread tiny se ysciase. esmeitcron danienice ccln/esairiete a seach 84 . eTNCAH 0 Bae Gao nonaus sdeboe ouAbes yo sebaconudeetooeone: 66 INBIIGSAVESIS. Gdodne sa se58 oe Saab bOOt dono odoSsoaDuReoosapEone apnond 5 Length of cartilaginous process ............sceesseeseneees 18
Total length of each half of the basihyal + thyro- hyal, from the anterior end of the cartilaginous
PLCCESS) LOMDIp Ol COMMU, cle saReree lsc scr: HiAtioces 156 Greatest breadth, across the two posterior cornua, measured from the outer margins ...............06 188 Wenge throtepmyroliyal bone ween seme deca acces ce 55 Breadth of ig Wn eA fate stil re tamnedoieae aie ae eee aat 46 Amberioricormuy total lengths. erence passe cacme cee 220 Length of ceratohyal cartilage (in middle line)......... 37 : Stilohiyali segment at uanseaepiisccresaeds ccc 175 . 5 bone (along its middle)............ 65 a ae hind ery Maren See esc s.. aesssaeile (65) IMMIGESTIESS aE dooanobsehoos sobqdsnoboogbonboddes sbangobonsuades0 15
The Scapula.
This bone has been figured more or less accurately by all the authors who have dealt with this whale, but without the cartilages. The scapula has the usual cetacean form (see Pl. IV. fig. 6); its external surface is feebly concave, owing to the reversion of the anterior margin and of the superior border. The spine is but feebly developed, but the acromion is a large subquadrangular process. The coracoid process is large and well marked, not quite so long as the acromion. The glenoid cup is oval.
The following measurements of the bone, without its cartilage, were made :—
60 PROF. W. B. BENHAM ON THE OSTEOLOGY [ Feb. 4,
millim. Greatest height (from the highest point of the superior border to the anterior margin of the
POM OIL) iss ca Rasaiys oe AN Gas ema eeeR ne Gas Rie eee 164 length of the posterior border ......................-. 107 Be ANLCRION Cord VR nite et Ake eee 159 Greatest breadth (in a straight line from anterior to posterior angle of the superior border) ...... 184 Breadth immediately above acromion ............... 3 wength ot elenoid Cupp yee eeneeneine see en ee 46 Breadth es wy uyesterceras ce Tyas it ci Bee sectcerannamastnneit 31 Distance from the antero-superior angle to origin OlpaerOMMONs Maem bas. Sar fuk leakiscos teceeee oe ik 76 eniethyonacromlomen ncaa. a. canna ieee eeEe Ren ean eee 48 Vertical height (near root) of acromion............... 35 Distance from posterior margin of glenoid to tip of ACVOMMON “Ren sovdnas teases wn eaeanenae enon tees 101
Length of coracoid (from anterior margin of glenoid) 47 Distance from posterior margin of glenoid to end OL COrACOIG ante ene eee aie ae ar tecae enon 84
The Pectoral Limb.
The limb has been more or less imperfectly figured by the various authors—a photograph of the “restored” limb having been added to the second edition of Wall’s memoir, to replace an inaccuracy in the figure of the entire skeleton.
In this photograph, the restored carpals (which were gathered from the sand and pieced together) are fairly accurately placed ; but the cartilages, having been represented by some artificial filling, do not show their characteristic independence. Wall describes “seven” carpals, but it is evident from later researches that the “two linear transverse bones” are merely the distal epiphyses of the radius and ulna, at the ends of which he locates them; the remaining 5 are accurately described in the text. The photograph is a truer representation of the hand than the woodcut accompanying Krefft’s paper.
The figure given by Van Beneden & Gervais is also incomplete. It seems therefore worth while to present a complete figure of the entire limb (Pl. IV. fig. 7) showing all the cartilages and bones in their true position.
The humerus is provided with a small deltoid ridge, 15 mm. in length and 5 mm. in height. The head and tubercle, as well as the distal epiphysis, are embedded in cartilage, but are firmly united to the shaft of the bone. But the epiphyses of the radius and ulna are not as yet united, though they can be felt at each end by a needle thrust into the cartilage.
The proximal epiphysial cartilage of the ulna is prolonged down- wards as a spur, which represents the bony olecranon of Physeter. This cartilage is indicated in the figure given by Krefft, and in the photograph of Wall’s specimen, as a small bony process. In my specimen there is no ossification in this cartilaginous olecranon.
1902. ] OF THE SHORT-NOSED SPERM-WHALE, 61
The distal epiphysial cartilage of the radius is produced along the outer sides of the carpus up to the metacarpal of the first digit, so as almost to suggest a carpal; but as each of the true carpals has its own cartilage around it, this prolongation seems to have some other significance.
The carpal bones are five in number, three belonging to the proximal row, and two to the distal series. Each is an irregular polygonal, more or less hexagonal, disc of bone embedded in its own cartilage. Hach bone has vertical sides, without the “shelf” and without the epiphysis which exist in Physeter, to which, otherwise, they bear considerable resemblance. The pisiform is entirely cartilaginous. In the digits, each phalanx is provided with its own independent cartilaginous epiphysis at each end, as in Odontocetes generally. The metacarpals are short, not much longer than the proximal phalanx in each digit. That of the first digit is, as in Physeter, rounded and somewhat like a carpal; but Flower has given reasons for regarding this as a metacarpal, and the fifth metacarpal is also rounded. The relative lengths of the digits, in ascending order, are I., V., IV., JMS, Is
The number of phalanges is accurately shown in the drawing ; whereas in the previously published figures some of the terminal, very small phalanges are missing.
The first digit possesses two phalanges ;
i second x ss ten ‘3 a third.) 5 by seven ,, ee LOUt Ia ee Six Ee
eee tint amare ss three _,, These numbers refer to the right limb; on the left the second digit has only nine and the fifth only two phalanges. It will be noted that the two to four terminal phalanges of the longer digits are more or less circular, as are all three of the fifth digit.
Measurements. millim. Motalblemert loge coccos dct stultvadins «ve Bban Thlesicmndeosindiciisiamtnseanpas 372 Humerus :—Length (incl. cartilage) .................:00000 95 Pee sha itromllveie wicca ce eee eee 65 Transverse diameter of shaft at WPPeRVeN Cape. ceee ees 45 3 lowerrendincereene er 50 Girth, inlite middle: «MWA eee vail ae 101 ARR CIWVESS) LGR WAGs Me tO EY Cel a eee aah te kta ies) 24 Radius :—Length along preaxial border .................. 75 “A sr) POstamaal border ay qd qececccs nc 60 », of bone only (in middle line) ......... 60 lheast orveadthi 05: ieer cn eeecenenetr etch ts veins cence 30 is or) DIAL CAN OSS) sai est Seen Aen Rabe ne lateab aise asics ecole 12 Ulna :—Total length along postaxial border ............... 63 6 o oy. reamal Moonder: sce. ceniesn 60 ay oe Moisl corn) (aT EIS): Ge Us banwacawsmabones 55 TEAS) ATCC ee en one oh li 26
Gila. leg OR GI ga:cia toa ora ores Ce eertar Eicon «$0
2
62 ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE SHORT-NOSED SPERM-WHALE. [ Feb. 4,
millim
Olecranon, length .........cccsceeeneeeeeee ones Be ancinaaite setae qe 25
Total breadth of carpus ........+.++. MPL AR NC aero ance 80 Digits: Total length, including cartilage :-—
Meriphand:-s0 00; (digihes cece secsea eee Sstosa ns elaine stesiSis 52
5 TE pi ee acre sehr iete ase eie sean aoa 185
* DD i os vse wsemaeecnenteas ede Roseecee 158
Bs AV es a aster ceca senigeees saiscaieeeewsies 114
- WV sain ua hoses sina Jue CORE aaar oat Opies 52
Right hand ¥2 Fo 5, .--c00+5.5-- Seige sicelc Semin se seine seis at 55
is 1 few BRS See apis Meageeh esc asenancte lOc
- Ag pi gla ee cise atetaatas Sena eaedacee 148
a TENE tee ar sel ec Se 102
Vic 68
List of the memoirs to which references are made.
1. Wat.: “ History and Description of the Skeleton of a New Sperm-Whale.” Sydney, 1851 (reprinted 1887).: . OwEN: “Onsome Indian Cetacea.” Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. 1865, p. 30. : “ Notice of a New Species of Sperm-Whale.” Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 708. _ y. Haast: “On the Occurrence of a New Species of Huphysetes on the Coast of New Zealand.” ‘Tr. N. Z. Institute, vi. 1873, p. 97. 5. Van BeneDEN & Gervais: ‘Ostéographie des Cétacés,’ pp. 349, 515, pl. 61 (1880).
m ow » a SI rj ty A
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate II.
Fig. 1. Anterior end of the ventral surface of the skull of Cogia breviceps (X 4), showing the paired premaxillary nodules (X) carrying the teeth (¢). gr., maxillary groove. m., maxilla. pmzx., premaxilla. vo., vomer.
2. ‘The external surface of the last two ribs (xX #) showing what is believed to be the true position of the rudimentary (13th) rib in relation to the 12th. The cartilaginous lower end of the rib is dotted ; the upper region—indicated by dotted outline—is the presumed continuation of the rib to its articulation with the vertebra. At the side of each rib is shown the outline of its transverse section (a).
3. View of the anterior side of the 13th rib. X 1.
Puate III.
. Sternum of Cogia breviceps, with the sternal ribs, dorsal aspect. X 3. . Hyoid, of which only the right anterior cornu is represented, dorsal aspect. X 3.
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Puate IV.
Fig. 6. The right scapula, external surface. X 3.
7. The right pectoral limb, external surface. Some of the distal cartilages have been inserted from the more perfect left limb. X .
1 Some of the terminal cartilages were imperfect on this hand, and have been restored in gelatine, but not quite accurately.
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1902.]| ON THE DRAGONFLIES OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 63
2. On a Collection of Dragonflies made by Members of the . Skeat Expedition in the Malay Peninsula in 1899-1900. By F. F. Larpiaw, B.A.
[Received December 28, 1901. ] (Plates V. & VI." and Text-figures 10-12.)
In drawing up an account of the Dragonflies collected by members of the Skeat Expedition, I have thought it worth while to include in my list not only the names of species represented in this collection, but also of all those which I have been able to find recorded as having occurred in the Malay Peninsula. It will be seen that the list is a fairly large one, although it is impossible to suppose that the full richness of the fauna of this part of the world has been as yet revealed.
Noticeably this is the case with the Gomphine ; it is worthy of remark that our collection contained five specimens representing four different species, and that none of these were identical with any species previously found in the Peninsula. I have been able through the courtesy of Mr. Kirby to add to my list the names of the species taken by Mr. Ridley, specimens of which are in the British Museum. I have to thank both Mr. Kirby and Dr. Sharp very sincerely for many useful suggestions and much kind assistance.
Lastly, I have to thank the other members of the Expedition for their kind assistance in making the collection.
I have given references in every case where possible to Mr. Kirby’s ‘Catalogue of the Odonata,’ published in 1890, where full allusion to papers published before that date will be found.
The following notes on the habits of some of the species col- lected may be of interest :—
LipeLLuLip#.— Almost without exception the numerous mem- bers of this family avoid forests and are to be found in flat open country, rice-fields, and clearings near the forests, especially where there happens to be a stagnant pool in the neighbourhood,
Certain very common and widely spread species are to be found wherever there is a suitable locality. Such are especially Orthetrum sabina and to a lesser extent Pantala flavescens, Tholymis tillarga, Trithemis trivialis, Trithemis aurora.
Certain other species with a very wide range in the Oriental Tropics seem to prefer the neighbourhood of the sea. Such are the members of the genus Ryothemis, also Neurothemis tullia and Brachythemis contanvinata.
The rarer and more characteristic species are only to be found in up-country clearings. The only species that I saw actually in the forests were Camacinia gigantea, Cratilla metallica, Tyrio-
1 For explanation of the Plates, see p. 92.
64 MR, F, F, LAIDLAW ON THE | Feb. 4,
bapta torrida, Orthetrum pruinosum, and Calothemis biappendi- _culata. Others for the most part were caught playing round stagnant water. Rapidly running streams are invariably avoided except by Zyriobapta torrida.
On the other hand, the AiscHNIDZ are mostly found in the forests, any small stagnant pool is an excellent locality; the species of Gynacantha and Anax guttatus are sometimes seen in the open. The large species of the Gomphine are also forest insects. Thus my specimen of Sieboldius grandis was taken in the same locality (a small muddy pool frequented by wild pig) with two males of Amphieschna ampla; this locality also yielded Pericnemis stictica and Lestes ridley.
Another forest-haunting group is found amongst the Cato- PTERYGIDZ. Vestalis amena never occurs in the open, nor over rapidly running water: probably Hecho and Climacobasis have similar habits ; they resemble Vestalis amcmna so closely that they may perhaps be often mistaken for this very common species. The other Calopterygine are only to be found playing over rapidly running streams and rivers, and their beautiful iridescent wings add greatly to the charms of a sun-lit river-scene. Rhinocypha fenestrella sometimes forsakes the main stream for the shady rivulets that wander through the forest, but most of the species prefer the wider waters. The lovely Vewrobasis chinensis wanders farther down the river perhaps than other species, but I have never seen it near the mouth of a river, or in fact after the stream had become sluggish and polluted.
Of the Agrionine numerous species are found in rice-swamps : few make their home in the forests, amongst these are Pericnemis stictica and Lestes ridleyi referred to above, as well as one or two species of Psilocnemis, Amphilestes, and a few of the Protoneurous group.
In many genera the females are exceedingly rare; this is especially the case with the Calopterygine genera Huphca and Dysphea. It has been suggested that the soberly coloured females do not attract the notice of collectors to the same extent as the males, and that hence they are rarely found in collections : but I can assert positively that in their own haunts the females are exceedingly rare; to the best of my belief, I saw only one, a female of Huphea ochracea, which I secured.
Family LIBELLULID.
Subfamily LIBELLULINA. (Species marked with an asterisk are not represented in our Collection.)
*ZYXOMMA PETIOLATUM Ramb. Zyxommea petiolatum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 35. East Indies. Singapore (/idley).
1902. ] DRAGONFLIES OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION,” 65
THOLYMIS TILLARGA (Fabr.).
Tholymis tillarga, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 1; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 439.
Common in the Eastern Tropics.
PANTALA FLAVESCENS (Fabr.). Pantala flavescens, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p.1; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) x. p. 440; Ris, Arch. f. Naturg. Jahrg. 66, p. 175.
Found in the tropics of both worlds. ae
CAMACINIA GIGANTEA (Brauer).
Camacinia gigantea, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 2.
Two fine males were taken at Kwala Aring, where this species is fairly abundant near pools in open spaces. It is very ditlicult to catch, being a powerful flier. It haunted the same localities as Neurothemis stigmatizans, which resembles it very closely in colour, though of course much smaller.
HyYDROBASILEUS EXTRANEUS (Hagen).
Hydrobasileus extraneus, Kirby, J. Linn. Soc., Zool, xxiv. PLol’, ple xditig Moe
Recorded from Penang.
RHYOTHEMIS PHYLLIS (Sulz.).
Rhyothemis phyllis, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p.5; id. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. xxiv. p. 549; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) x. p. 443.
This species is common along the east coast of the Peninsula. Specimens were collected at Singgora, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and at Trengganu. Occurs throughout the Malay Archipelago.
*RHAYOTHEMIS FULGENS Selys.
Rhyothemis fulgens, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 6.
Singapore (Selys); Dindings (Ridley). Borneo, Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra.
* RHYOTHEMIS CURIOSA Selys.
Rhyothemis curiosa, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 6.
Singapore (Selys). Sumatra. Perhaps a race of FR. fulgens (Selys, Ann. Mus. Gen. xxvii, p. 451).
* NEUROTHEMIS FULVIA Drury.
Neurothemis fulvia, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 7.
Neurothemis sophronia, Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. xiy, (1879) p. 292.
Malacca (Selys). China, Bengal, Nepaul.
NEUROTHEMIS FLUCTUANS (Fabr.). Neurothemis fluctuans, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 7; Selys, Ann. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1902, Vou. I, No. VY. 5
66 MR. F. F, LAIDLAW ON THE [| Feb. 4,
Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 446; Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 219.
Common at Kwala Aring. Widely spread in the Eastern Tropics.
NEUROTHEMIS STIGMATIZANS (Fabr.). Neurothemis stigmatizans, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 7; Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 218.
Plentiful at Kwala Aring. Like the last a common and variable insect.
NEUROTHEMIS DISPARILIS Kirby. Neurothemis disparilis, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 8.
Two specimens from Kwala Aring. Singapore (Ridley); Borneo.
NEUROTHEMIS TULLIA (Dru.).
Neurothemis tullia, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 8; id. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxiv. p. 550.
Common near the mouth of the Kelantan River and for some thirty miles up the river. A common Eastern species.
TRITHEMIS (?) TRIVIALIS (Ramb.).
Trithemis trivialis, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p.18; id. Journ, Linn. Soe., Zool. xxiv. p. 550 (1894).
Trithemis (2) trivialis, Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 467 (1891); Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 531 (1900).
Diplacodes trivialis, Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 219.
Widely distributed, ranging from India and Ceylon to Japan. I obtained specimens at Kwala Aring and Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Taken also by Mr, Ridley in Province Wellesley.
As pointed out by Mr. Kirby (Ann. & Mag. loc. cit.), this species probably requires the creation of a new genus to receive it.
TRITHEMIS AURORA (Burm.).
Trithemis aurora, Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 117 (1868); Selys, Ann. Mus. Genoyv. (2) x. p. 465 (1891).
Trithemis intermedia, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 327, pl. 33. fig. 4.
Trithemis yerburii, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 18.
Trithemis aurora, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xxiv. p. 551.
This beautiful species was fairly common in September in marshy rice-fields at Ulu Aring. Mr. Ridley has collected it
in Singapore. BRACHYTHEMIS CONTAMINATA (Fabr.).
Brachythemis contaminata, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 21; id.
1902. ] DRAGONFLIES OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 67
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxiv. p. 551; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 468 (1891).
A widely spread Oriental species; common on the lower reaches of the Kelantan River and in the town of Trengganu.
CrocoTHEMIS SERVILIA (Drury).
Crocothemis servilia, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 21; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) x. p. 468 (1891).
Kwala Aring in August, in an open space near forest. East Indies and Australia.
BRACHYDIPLAX MARIA Selys. Brachydiplax maria, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 22. Kwala Aring. Dindings and Selangor (Adley). Borneo.
*BRACHYDIPLAX .MELZNOPS Selys, Aun. Mus. Genoy. xxvil. p. 457.
Brachydiplax melanops, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 22.
A small species from Selangor taken by Mr. Ridley, and now in the British Museum, probably belongs to the species indicated by de Selys, agreeing with it in its small size. Abdomen 16°5 mm. long; hind wing 22°5. The thorax and first fore segments of
abdomen blue-pruinose. 6 prenodals and 5 postnodals on the fore wing. Internal triangle free.
BRACHYDIPLAX PRUINOSA, Sp. Nn.
Length of abdomen 18°5 mm. Length of hind wing 24 mm.
3. Head yellowish grey, margins of the upper and lower lips black, frontal tubercle, and upper surfaces metallic blue. Eyes brown.
Prothorax and thorax coppery green dusted over with very pale blue ‘bloom.’ Abdomen: first five segments grey, also coated with ‘bloom,’ the rest black, second and third segments with a transverse carina; legs black; pterostigma and venation black.
Fore wings: 8 antenodals, 6 or 7 postnodals, Discoidal tri- angle free, followed by two rows of cells.
Hind wings: 7 antenodals, 6 or 7 (usually 7) postnodals. The hind wings have a faint tint of yellow at their base,
Two males from Kwala Aring taken in August.
* MICRODIPLAX DELICATULA Selys. Microdiplax delicatula, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 22.
MacropIpLaXx virttata Kirby.
Urothemis vittata Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. xxiv. p. 552, pl. 42. fig. 2.
A male specimen from Kwala Aring. Mr. Kirby tells me that
this species should be referred rather to the genus Macrodiplax 5* 5
68 MR. F. F. LAIDLAW ON THE [Feb. 4,
than to Urothemis. The last postnodal cell is as long or a little longer than the pterostigma in the fore wing.
TYRIOBAPTA TORRIDA Kirby. Tyriobapta torrida, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 32; Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 221 (1890).
This species haunted a small forest stream close to the village of Kwala Aring. It was apparently confined to this locality in that neighbourhood. A common Bornean insect.
CRATILLA METALLICA (Brauer).
Protorthemis metallica, Kirby, Oat. Odonata, p. 30; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 461; Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 221.
Nesoxenia metallica, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 180.
Cratilla metallica, id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 542.
Common at Kwala Aring and on Gunong Inas.
ORTHETRUM SABINA (IIl.). Orthetrum sabina, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 35.
Abundant all along the East Coast. Ranges through the Hast Indies to Australia.
ORTHETRUM PRUINOSUM (Burm.). Orthetrum pruinosum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 38; Ris’, Arch. f. Naturg. Jahrg. 66, p. 185, pl. ix. fig. 3.
A single specimen (3) from Kwala Aring, September 1899. East Indies.
ORTHETRUM TESTACEUM (Burm.). Orthetrum testaceum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 39.
A pair, in cop., from Kwala Aring, September. Also a single male from the same locality. Recorded from Java.
ORTHETRUM NICEVILLE Kirby.
Orthetrum nicevillei, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 112 (1894).
Described from specimens from Tenasserim. A single specimen from: Ulu Aring, September 1899.
OrTHETRUM. sp.—Our collection includes a female Orthetrwm belonging to a species distinct from, but closely allied to, O. sabina. The abdomen is shorter, 26 mm., and distinctly stouter, the anal appendages are black, and the sides of the thorax are not so distinctly marked with black. I have been unable to identify it.
LyRIOTHEMIS PRIAPEA Selys. Lyriothemis priapea, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 25. This genus is closely allied to Orthetrum, but differs in the
1 Dr. Ris (loc. cit.) records O. chrysis from Malacca.
1902. | DRAGONFLIES OF THE ‘‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 69
strongly curved sectors and in having three or four cross nervules in the submedian space of fore and hind wings. A single specimen, a male, from Kwala Aring.
PoTAMARCHA OBSCURA (Ramb.).
Potamarcha obscura, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 180.
Potamarcha congener, Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) x. p. 459.
Potamarcha obscura, Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 219.
This species is common at Kwala Aring, where I took two females and several males. Closely allied to Lathrecista, it differs in having the eighth abdominal segment in the female dilated, and the triangle of the hind wing traversed. (See also Selys, loc. cit.)
LATHRECISTA TERMINALIS Kirby.
Lathrecista terminalis, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 30.
A single male from Kwala Aring. Recorded and described from Borneo.
* LATHRECISTA SIMULANS (Selys).
Lathrecista simulans, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 30; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) x. p. 458. Recorded from Borneo, Sumatra, Ceylon, Malacca, and Burmah.
* AGRIONOPTERA LINEATA Brauer.
Agrionoptera lineata, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 31; Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. xix. (1879) p. 302.
Malacca. Philippines.
* AGRIONOPTERA MALACCENSIS Selys.
Agrionoptera malaccensis, Selys, Ann. Mus. Genov. xxvii. p. 461; Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 31.
(This genus differs from the preceding in the absence of the supernumerary antenodal nervule of the front wings, and in having several cross nervules in the submedian space, as well as in the position of the base of the triangle of the hind wings, in front of the arculus. The two genera closely resemble each other in coloration.)
* AGRIONOPTERA NICOBARICA Brauer.
Agrionoptera nicobarica, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 31.
Singapore, Nicobar Is. :
* AGRIONOPTERA SEXLINEATA Selys.
Agrionoptera sexlineata, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 31.
Recorded from Malacca.
*CALOTHEMIS BIVITTATA (Ramb.).
_ ~Calothemis bivittata, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 42. -
70 MR. F. F, LAIDLAW ON THE [Feb. 4,
CALOTHEMIS BIAPPENDICULATUS Selys.
Calothemis biappendiculatus, Kirby, Oat. Odonata, p. 42.
6. Length of abdomen 22mm. Length of hind wing 28 mm.
Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with yellow at their bases.
Pterostigma black, 2 mm. in length, covering 3 cells.
Fore wing. 19 antenodals, the last continuous, 9-10 postnodals. Discoidal triangle traversed, followed by two rows of cells. 2 supra- triangular cross nervules, 2 cross nervules in the lower basal cell. Internal triangle divided into 3 cells.
Hind wing. 2 supra-triangular, 3 lower basal cross nervules. Discoidal triangle traversed.
Head. Lower lip yellow, upper lip black, eyes brown, occipital triangle black, rest of head steely-blue black except a yellow mark at the side behind each eye.
Prothorax black.
Thorax black above, dull brown below. Legs brown.
Abdomen. Segments 1 and 10 black, the rest bright red. Seg- ments 2-3 with transverse carina. Segments 3-9 strongly triangular in cross section, Rising from the bases of the genital
ramules are two long branches, standing at right angles to the body.
2 unknown.
I took two specimens of this insect at Kwala Aring. They differ from the type in having the upper surface of the thorax rich black instead of brown. Otherwise they closely resemble it,
especially in the very remarkable genital organs on the second abdominal segment.
*ORCHITHEMIS PULCHERRIMA Brauer.
Orchithemis pulcherrima, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 42; Karsch, Abh. v. d. Senckenberg. Nat. Gesell. xxv. 1. p. 228.
Singapore (Ridley). Malacca (Selys).
DIPLACODES NEBULOSA (Fabr.).
Diplacodes nebulosa, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 42.
A single specimen was taken at Kota Bharu, Kelantan. There are specimens in the British Museum taken by Ridley in Province Wellesley. Widely distributed in the East Indies.
ACISOMA PANORPOIDES Ramb.
Acisoma panorpoides, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 43.
Kwala Aring. One specimen, ¢. ‘Tropical regions of the Old World.
TETRATHEMIS HYALINIA Kirby.
Tetrathemis hyalina, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 44.
The two species of this genus which are represented in our collection exhibit a very remarkable sexual dimorphism which has not, I believe, previously been remarkesl. The males have a
1902. ] DRAGONFLIES OF THE ‘‘SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 71
very extraordinary development of the armature of the second and third pairs of femurs. This development is paralleled in the American genus Macrothemis and its allies and also in the Old World genera Schizonyx, Neuwrocena, Zygonyx, and Zygonidia, amongst other Lzbelluline (see Calvert, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1899, p- 246).
eee hyalinia has in the male, on each of the second pair of femurs, on their antero-inferior surface, 17 short straight spines directed towards the knee, increasing gradually in size, but the last three longer than the rest, more widely separated and increasing rapidly. On the antero-inferior surface of each of the third pair of femurs is a row of some 20 short curved teeth, their apices directed away from the knee, decreasing gradually in size distally; at the end of the series is a single short straight spine directed towards the knee (see text-fig. 10).
Text-fig. 10. Third femur of Tetrathemis hyalinia (X about 10).
TETRATHEMIS PULCHRA, sp. n. (Plate V. fig. 3.)
Length of abdomen, ¢ 16mm., 9? 15mm. Length of hind wing, ¢ 17 mm., 2? 17°5 mm.
Wings hyaline, reticulation black. Fore wings tinged with orange from the base about halfway to the nodus. Hind wings tinged with orange about as far as the nodus.
Fore wings. 8-9 (usually 8) antenodals, 5 (in one case on one side 6) postnodals; 1 supra-triangular cross nervule; 2 cross nervules in the lower basal cell. Triangle followed by a single row of cells.
Hind wings. 6 or 7 (usually 7) antenodals, 5 postnodals; no supra-triangular cross nervule; 2 cross nervules in lower basal - cell.
Coloration in the male. Face black with yellow marks as follows: lateral lobes of lower lip, nasus, and rhinarium. The vertex and tubercle are metallic coppery black. Back of head and prothorax black.
Thorax black above, a few yellow spots between the wings. Sides citron-yellow with two black bands. The first of these runs from immediately in front of the first pair of wings obliquely downwards to between the second and third pair of femurs. The second runs from immediately in front of the second pair of wings down behind the third pair of femurs. The whole ventral surface is black, save that the yellow colour of the flanks extends for a short distance over the ventral surface along either side The legs are black, inner surface of first pair of femurs citron-yellow.
Abdomen black, with the following yellow marks :—a spot on either side of segments 1-6, very small on 6, traversed by a black
72 MR. F. F. LAIDLAW ON THE [Feb. 4,
line following the transverse carina in 3-4. On segment 7a dorsal yellow spot divided longitudinally by the black mid-dorsal carina. Traces of a transverse carina are present on segment 5. The abdomen is slightly dilated at its base, but from segment 4 onwards very slender.
Coloration in the female as in the male. The traces of a transverse carina in segment 5 are more distinct laterally. The abdomen is broader and of practically equal circumference throughout.
In the male there are on the antero-inferior surface of the femur 17 short curved teeth directed towards the knee, and increasing in size distally very gradually. These are followed by three straight spines inclined in the same direction; the first of these is the shortest and the last the longest.
The third femur is provided on the antero-inferior surface with a row of 23 thorn-like teeth with their apices directed away from the knee. These increase gradually towards the distal end of the femur.
*NANNOPHYA PyGMzA Ramb. Nannophya pygmea, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 45.
The British Museum has a number of specimens of this species from Singapore.
Genera of uncertain position.
NEvROCENA IDA Hagen. (Plate V. fig. 1.)
Zygonyx ida, Hagen, Ver. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 62; Brauer, op. cit. xviii. p. 370 & p. 742; Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. Alpe ws id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) ili. p. 274; id. C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv. p. CCXXVil.
Pseudomacromia luxuriosa, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. xxxviil. p. 21.
Zygonyx ida, id. Ent. Nachr. xxi. p. 203; Calvert, P. Ac. Philad. 1899, p. 246.
Neurocena ida, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 541.
_ This appears to be an exceedingly variable species, and the single specimen I obtained differs to a certain extent from those described hitherto, so that it seems worth while to give a fairly full account of it.
The length of the hind wing is 42 mm., of the abdomen 38mm.
The wings are hyaline, faintly tinged with yellow, which becomes vivid towards the outer extremities of the fore wings. In a male in the British Museum Collection the wings are almost colourless. The reticulation is black.
Fore wings. 14 antenodals; on the left side the outermost is continuous, on the right side discontinuous. 7 to 8 postnodals. Internal triangle of both wings free, discoidal triangle free. (The internal triangle is usually divided into two or three cells; de Selys states that in two females examined the discoidal triangle
1902. ] DRAGONFLIES OF THE ‘‘ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 3:
is free, in three females crossed; in males it is normally free.) Two rows of post-triangular cells. Nodal sector strongly waved at its middle. Arculus at the level of the second antenodal. Two cross nervules in the submedian space.
Hind wings. 10-11 antenodals, 9-9 postnodals. Discoidal triangle traversed. (According to de Selys the discoidal triangle of the hind wing in the female is normally traversed; of 13 males 7 had it traversed and 6 free.) The triangle is followed by two rows of cells. The British Museum specimen (male) has but one row of post-trigonal cells in the hind wings. Pterostigma in the females 1s about 3°75 mm. long, in the male about 2°25 mm. Sectors of triangles of hind wings widely separated at their origins.
Rhinarium and nasus livid yellow. Frons and vertex metallic blue-green. Thorax metallic blue-green. Abdomen slightly thickened at its base, metallic black with fine transverse yellow lines at the bases of segments 2 and 3 and on the transverse carine of those segments. <A yellow spot on either side of the second segment.
Legs black. In the males on each of the second pair of femurs are a number of short teeth directed towards the knee. On the third pair are 25 short teeth; of these the first eight or nine are directed towards the knee, then follow one or two not inclined, then eleven or twelve directed towards the trochanter, last one or two not inclined. In the females all the teeth on the hinder femurs are directed towards the knee.
ZYGONIDIA MALAYANA, Sp. D.
Length of abdomen 345mm. Length of hind wing 42 mm. Length of pterostigma 3°75 mm. Breadth of hind wing 13 mm.
Wings hyaline, reticulation black, pterostigma black, mem- branule brownish grey.
fore wings. 16 antenodals, the last on the right side is dis- continuous, that on the left continuous. 9 postnodals. Internal triangle divided into three cells, discoidal triangle crossed by a single nervule and followed by three rows of cells. Nodal sector waved at its middle. Two cross nervules in lower basal cells. Arculus between the level of the first and second antenodal.
Hind wings. 10-11 antenodals, 10-11 postnodals. Discoidal triangle traversed, followed by two rows of cells. Sectors of triangle scarcely separate at their origin. Lower basal cell with a single cross nervule.
Head. WLabrum black, bases of the mandibles bright yellow. Rhinarium dull yellowish brown, nasus black along its ventral margin, for the rest yellow. Genz yellow. Frons and tubercle metallic violet, but frons yellow at the sides. Tubercle truncate anteriorly, occipital triangle black.
Prothorax brown, posterior lobe with a rounded backwardly directed projection at the middle of its posterior margin.
Thorax metallic green, marked with dull yellowish brown as follows :—a fine line along the mid-dorsal carina; a lateral band
74 MR. F. F, LAIDLAW ON THE [Feb. 4,
running from the second and third femora to between the wings. The whole ventral surface is yellowish brown, and this colour extends for a short distance along the humeral suture and on to the sides of the metasternum. Between the wings dorsally are three yellow spots, one behind the other.
Abdomen black, very slightly dilated at its base. Yellow lateral spots on segments 1, 2,3. Base of segments 2, 3, 4 with a fine transverse yellow line; mid-dorsal carina with a scarcely perceptible yellow line from segments 3 to 7. Longitudinal yellow marks ventrally on segments 3, 4,5 on either side of the middle line. Anal appendages black. Transverse carine on segments 2,3. On segment 2 there is on either side anteriorly a small tuft of fine black hairs.
Legs black. In the male the second pair of femurs have each arow of 18 antero-inferior short spines directed towards the knee, and increasing in size gradually from above downwards. ‘These are followed after a short gap by three long straight spines which are also directed a little downwards (see text-fig. 11). The third pair of femurs have each 26 antero-inferior short subequal spines all directed towards the knee, save the last six, which are not inclined. Then follow two longer spines inclined towards the knee.
Text-fig. 11.
Second femur of Zygonidia malayana.
This species differs from Zygonyx iris chiefly in that the discoidal triangle of the lower wing is followed by two rows of cells, not by three; and in the absence of any dorsal markings on segment 7 of the abdomen, in the coloration of the thorax, and length of the pterostigma. It is more closely allied to Zygonidia insignis (Kirby, A. M. N. H. (7) v. p. 540), from which it is chiefly distinguished by its smaller size, the fewer reticulations in the postnodal spaces of the hind wings, and in the details of the spines on the second and third pairs of femurs of the male. In 4%. insignis the second pair of femurs have each a row of 18 antero-inferior spines, followed by three much longer spines. The first 12 are directed towards the knee, the next six are not inclined, the three long spines are slightly inclined towards the knee. The third pair of femurs have each some 24 short spines, the first 14 inclined towards the knee, the last 10 scarcely inclined, followed by two longer spines inclined to the knee.
I caught two specimens of Zygonidia malayana at Kwal Aring in September. These, like all the other recorded specimens
1902. ] DRAGONFLIES OF THE “ SKEAT EXPEDITION.” (ie)
belonging either to the genus Zygonidia or to Zygonyx, are both males.
The character of the last antenodal cross nervule seems to be very variable. In one specimen of Zygonyx iris it is accident- ally complete (de Selys, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv. p. cexxvii). In one of the two known specimens of Zygonidia insignis it is accidentally incomplete on one side (Kirby, A. M. N. H. (7) v. p- 540). On one side of both specimens described above it is incomplete, on the other complete.
These two preceding species, together with their allies, pro- bably constitute a separate section of the Libelluline approxi- mating somewhat closely to the Corduliine. See Calvert, loc. cit.
ONYCHOTHEMIS TESTACEA, sp. n. (Plate V. fig. 2.)
Length of abdomen 33:5 mm. Length of hind wing 40 mm. Length of anal app. of g¢ 2°5. Breadth of hind wing 13°5 mm.
Wings hyaline, reticulation black. Pterostigma 4 mm. long.
Fore wings. 15 antenodals, 10-11 postnodals. Internal tri- angle divided into three cells. Discoidal triangle narrow, with a single cross vein, followed by three rows of cells: no supra-tri- angular nervule. Nodal sector waved, a single cross nervule in the lower basal space; membranule long, grey. Upper sector of triangle curved. Sectors of arculus stalked.
Hind wings. 9-10 antenodals, 11 postnodals. Discoidal triangle free, followed by two rows of cells. Lower basal cell with a single cross nervule. Sectors of triangle originate close together. Nodal sector waved.
Head. Ventral surfaces yellow, with a triangular black mark in the centre, its apex directed forwards. Upper lip black, with a reddish-brown spot on either side. Rhinarium and nasus reddish brown, with a black mark along the suture between them. Frons yellow below, steely black above. Frontal tubercle bifid, steely black. Occipital triangle black.
Prothorax black, with a yellow hinder margin.
Thorax dark metallic green, the mid-dorsal carina and a mid- dorsal line between the wings yellow. Two small orange-yellow spots on the humeral sutures on either side, the one above the other. A thin yellow band runs from immediately behind the front pair of wings downwards to between the second and third pairs of legs on either side. An orange line runs along the outer edge of the metasternum. Ventral surface black.
Abdomen broad, slightly dilated at its base. Segments 4 to 8 strongly triangular in section. Testaceous black with dull yellow
‘markings. Mid-dorsal spots on the middle of segments 1 to 8, Segments 2 and 3 with a yellow-marked transverse carina; the yellow mark is discontinuous dorsally in 2, but in 3 runs into the yellow spot. Ventrally each segment from 3 to 8 has two large oblong yellowish spots on either side of the middle line. These spots extend round the lateral keel on to the sides of the abdomen and on segment 7, 8 reach to within a short distance of
76 MR. F, F. LAIDLAW ON THE [Feb. 4,
the dorsal spots. Segments 9 and 10 black, segment 10 is very small. Upper appendages black, curved slightly inwards and at first downwards, but at their distal ends they turn up a little. About halfway along their ventral sides is a small tooth. Ventral appendage black, rather broad and flat, bifid at its extremity, not more than two-thirds the length of the upper pair.
Legs black. On each of the first pair of femurs is a single Spine immediately before the knee. In the second pair on each are three long pairs of spines inclined towards the knee and distant from each other. On each of the third pair of femurs are 4 pairs of large spines, rapidly increasing distally, followed after a gap bya single pair. All inclined shghtly towards the knee. On the first pair of tibias are three pairs of long equi- distant spines, on the second and third pair of tibias are four pairs of large spines. (See text-fig. 12.)
Text-fig. 12. (
Third leg of Onychothemis testacea (X 13).
A single male from Kwala Aring.
This species differs from Onychothemis abnormalis (Brauer, Verh, Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 170) in having no transverse carina on the fourth abdominal segment, and in having the claws of the third pairs of legs without any sign of a tooth. J have not been able to examine a specimen of O. abnormalis, a Philippine Is. species, but the present species is evidently closely allied to it.
This genus appears to stand quite remote from other Libel- lulids, not only in the absence of a tooth on the basal claws, but in the remarkable armature of the femurs. The two species of the genus should form an independent subsection of the Libelluline.
CORDULIINA.
Two members of the subfamily are known to occur in the Peninsula; these are Macromia westwoodi, Selys, and Idionyx yolanda, Selys. To these can now be added Macromia ger- staeckert, recently described by Kriiger from Java (Kriig., Stett. ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 335), and /dionyx dohrni (loc. cit. p. 326) from ‘Sumatra.
MACROMIA GERSTAECKERI Kriiger. Macromia gerstaeckeri, Kriiger, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 335. I caught a pair of a species of Macromia, which I refer to this
1902. ] : DRAGONFLIES OF THE ‘‘SKEAT EXPEDITION.” 77
species, at Kwala Aring in September 1899. The male is very young.
Cie OF Length of abdomen (without appendages). 36mm. 37:°5mm., Jenna Ayah). cotecsct ooutics sandcounnecEanasencee 32 34 LETHE) ROSSI ETONE